Steve Jobs: Leadership Style Theories

Steve Jobs: Leadership Style Theories Executive summary: A pioneer is a person who is perceived to lead an exertion, nobody can be a pioneer without devotees , administration can be plot by an energy of position that an individual holds in a gathering, with that power he or she gets an opportunity to exercise on affecting the individuals from gathering by controlling their endeavours for accomplishment of a specific objective. The pioneer is at the point of convergence of get-together vitality structure, keeps the assembling, inserts life into it, moves it towards its goals and keeps up its compel. Here, Discussing about administration style ,hypotheses , methodologies of Steve occupations who was (CEO and Co-originator ) of Macintosh Inc which was established by Steve employments ,Ronald wayne and Steve Wozniac in 1976. Wayne didnt remained with them for long and left Apple by deserting Steve occupations and Wozniak as its primary authors. To raise subsidizing for their wander Steve occupations sold his Volkswagen and Wozniac sold his logical number cruncher. On Apples first day of open exchanging its market esteem achieved 1.2 billion. Steve employments surrendered from Apple as CEO in 1985 to take after his very own advantages, then he began another equipment and programming organization named NEXT Inc. he additionally put resources into a movement organization Pixar Animation Studios. In 1997 Mac acquired occupations possessed organization NEXT and selected him again as CEO. Being a CEO in Apple and with his administration style, skills and application of his creative abilities to innovation and business he changed in individualized computing, music, phones, tablet figuring and retail location industry. His touchiness and restlessness were necessary piece of his perfection and devotion toward his employment. He was extremely engaged and put stock in straightforwardness, responsibility and advancement were among in his administration qualities, he never bargained with quality and never contemplated simply making benefits , he generally centred more around items rather then cost or benefits. He was harsh at individuals since he needed outcomes. With his leadership capacities he took Apples worth incentive to $10.2 billion at the season of his demise on oct. 5 2011. In this report initiative speculations are connected with Steve employments authority style in light of his administration challenges confronted there amid his residency as a CEO at Macintosh an d contemporary issues of authority and their pertinence with Steve occupations authority style Introduction: Leadership is an act and behaviour of an individual person who directs the activities of a group toward the attainment of a common or shared goal (Hemphill and coons, 1957) A leader is an individual who is recognised to lead an effort, no one can be a leader without followers , leadership can be outlined by a power of position that an individual holds in a group, with that power he or she gets an opputunity to workout on influencing the members of group by guiding their efforts for achievement of a certain goal. The pioneer is at the focal point of gathering energy structure, keeps the gathering together, implants life into it, moves it towards its objectives and keeps up its force. Here, Discussing about leadership style ,theories , approaches of Steve jobs who was (CEO and Co-founder ) of apple Inc which was founded by Steve jobs ,Ronald wayne and Steve Wozniac in 1976. Wayne didnt stayed with them for long and left Apple by leaving behind Steve jobs and Wozniac as its main founders. To raise funding for their venture Steve jobs sold his volkswagon and Wozniac sold his scientific calculator. On Apples first day of public trading its maket value reached 1.2 billion. Steve jobs resigned from Apple as CEO in 1985 to follow his own personal interests, then he started a new hardware and software company named NEXT Inc. he also invested in a animation company Pixar Animation Studios. In 1997 apple purchased jobs owned company NEXT and appointed him again as CEO and from that time he worked for Apple for a salary of $1 a year. Being a CEO in Apple and with his leadership style,skills and apllication of his imaginations to technology and business he revolutionised in personal computing, music, phones,tablet computing and retail store industry. His moodiness and impatience were integral part of his perftion and dedication toward his job. He was very focused and believed in simplicity, reasponsibility and innovation were among in his leadership qualities, he never compromised with quality and never thought about just making profits , he always focused more on products rather then cost or profits. He was rough at people because he wanted results. With his leadershio abilities he took Apples worth value to $10.2 billion at the time of his death on oct. 5 2011. In this report leadership theories are linked with steve jobs leadership style based on his leadership challenges faced there during his tenure as a CEO at apple and contemporary issues of leadership and their relevance with steve jobs leadership style . Trait theory: Attribute construct speculations focussed with respect to breaking down physical and identity normal for people keeping in mind the end goal to increase comprehension of the mix of characteristics that are basic among pioneers. Fundamentally pioneers were conceived and authority is craftsmanship. These hypotheses were impacted by Extraordinary Man Theory which contended that powerful authority is overwhelmed by individual identity qualities (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010 , p.599). For instance, qualities, for example, knowledge, self-assurance, drive, awareness of others expectations, chance taking and different qualities makes an individual a decent pioneer. The fundamental speaciaslist of quality based hypotheses is that it overlooks the effect of the circumstance. The hypothesis it expect that there is an unequivocal arrangement of qualities that makes a pioneer powerful in all circumstances, i.e. , same arrangement of attributes would work in military setting and in addition in a production line setting. This prompted later research which stressed that compelling authority emerges from conduct and it includes cooperation with other individuals. The authority of Steve Jobs has a tendency to legitimize characteristic administration hypothesis. Quality hypothesis holds that pioneers close to home attributes are the way to achievement (Crawford, Brungardt and Maughan, 2009). Steve Jobs can be seen from his identity, social, physical or scholarly characteristics. Such qualities as Zaccaro, (2007) battles can without much of a stretch separate him from other non-pioneers. Steve Jobs had a considerable measure of aspiration and vitality. Growing up, Steve Jobs gained from his dad who acquainted him with gadgets at a youthful age. At the point when Apple 1 PC was uncovered in 1976, he rapidly sold his Volkswagen to raise reserves for the organization. He additionally offered his carport to be utilized as the organization premises. This Per Northouse (2013), indicate s out desire and vitality. Steve Job emerges as a man who is extremely smart. He concentrated the market and rapidly conveyed join Scully on board to help him in running the organization. Around then, John Scully supported in changing the organizations technique to make feasible for the organization to rival IBM and another PCs. Steve Jobs likewise emerges as a pioneer who was extremely definitive as Fleenor, (2006) depicts. When he moves back to Apple in 1997 in the wake of being terminated in 1995, he rolled out brisk improvements that made the organization the market pioneer. Steve Jobs likewise had the administration attributes of vision and foreknowledge. At the point when the organization began in 1976, he predicted better execution and rushed to raise assets to guarantee that the organization moved into the correct training. Behavioural theory: Contrasted with Trait hypothesis, Behavioral hypothesis takes a gander at initiative from the point of view of a pioneers conduct instead of choosing pioneers in light of their identity qualities. This hypothesis recommended that authority can be learnt and everybody is fit for turning into a pioneer. Distinctive examples of initiative conduct or styles were distinguished. In any case, they all can be extensively gathered under the two initiative styles: Legitimate Style; In this style, pioneers force choice and propel supporters by prizes or danger. They dont totally trust adherents and concentrate is on tight control of errand finishing. Participative Style; In this style, pioneers impart basic leadership to others. Concentrate is on assignment and pioneers have finish trust and trust in the devotees for getting the errand finished. The primary faultfinder of behavioural hypothesis is that it overlooks the setting in which these diverse authority style are utilized. The styles that pioneers embrace can be influenced by the earth they are working inside, and those they are working with. Be that as it may, notwithstanding this confinement, behavioural hypothesis can at present give helpful knowledge on how we comprehend authority. Behavioral speculations have a tendency to separate practices that disengage impact pioneers from non-successful pioneers. The hypothesis holds that authority is appeared by a mans demonstration and not his characteristics (Crawford, Brungardt and Maughan, 2009). As Amanchukwu et al. (2017) battle, Steve Jobs administration style can likewise fit exceptionally well into behavioral hypothesis. As far as this Steve Jobs turned out as a pioneer who confided in other individuals and had respect for their inclination. For example, he brought John Scully into the organization and permitted him to roll out improvements that saw the past higher valuing by Steve Jobs changed to low evaluating system which was intended to build request and rival different players in the business. Notwithstanding, regardless of the way that the quantity of representatives is recorded to have developed to 4000 amid his time, Steve Jobs emerges as a pioneer who was more item situated as Dugan, (2016) keeps up. Hi s conduct was more worried with seeing Apple develop as a brand and when gotten some information about his proudest achievement, he generally alluded to the arrangement of the Apple Company. Steve Jobs was more worried about the item and championed for IPO that saw the organization open up to the world to expand stores for the organization. Upon his arrival to the organization, he made a pile of measures that were more focused on Apple as an item and not the workers. He suspended certain items, made the working framework open source, and built up a site to support guide exchanging and even outsourced assembling to Taiwan. Every one of the progressions were item situated in light of non-having the general population. Truth be told, outsourcing assembling to Taiwan had the unsafe impact of pushing certain representatives out of the employment showcase. Steve Jobs as a Transformational Leader : Transformational pioneers are charming, vision situated, empowering scholarly advancement of their supporters, moving and spurring to more elevated amounts of adequacy. The perspectives that firmly guarantee that Steve Jobs initiative hints at transformational administration is his charming identity. As indicated by Rakesh Khurana (2002) Steve Jobs, the New Age wunderkind of Apple adored for his achievement in acquainting individuals with the PC that could ensure our opportunity (Khurana, 2002). As Steve Wozniak, the prime supporter with Jobs of the Apple, shortly noted he can simply love seat things in the correct words . Steve Job is depicted as absolute entirety of Apple. (Patterson, 1985) What was visionary about Jobs approach where he most likely included esteem was his zealous enthusiasm to show individuals the future capability of the item. With this vision as prescience has made Jobs be named the extremely valuable proselytizer. (Uttal, 1985) Cocks (1983) contends that Apples fellow benefactor, Steve Wozniak, intensely expressed that Jobs did not comprehend PCs, and the real outline of the machine has been broadly credited to Wozniak. In any case, as Wozniak likewise stated, it never entered my thoughts to offer PCs. It was Steve who said Lets hold them undetermined and offer a couple. It was Jobs who demanded that the PC be light and trim, all around planned in quieted colou Occupations in like manner pushed his specialists to make machines that wont panic away a touchy customer base. (Cocks, 1983) Butcher (1988) contends that Jobs a fussbudget, and as the association, numerous in Apple encountered this as narrow mindedness and self-ingestion. Steve Hawkins a representative said Employments such a stickler, to the point that individuals can never satisfy him, his extremely eager, practically to the point of autocracy.(Butcher, 1988) Transformational authority is about empowering development, realizing an adjustment in the reasoning of its adherents and being visionary in executing change in the association execution. Steve Jobs as a transformational pioneer is found in his endeavours to convey imaginative computerized innovation to mass purchaser so they can open their wallet ( Deutschman, 2001). Confirmation of Steve Jobs vision in making advancement open was Mac is focused on conveying the best individualized computing knowledge to understudies, instructors, inventive experts and customers around the globe through its creative equipment, programming and Internet offerings (Young, 2005) Regarding inspiration and motivating representatives to give their best of execution is a normal for transformational initiative. Proof of Steve Jobs spurring and motivating his representatives is when Job when first discussed any new thought to his representatives not everybody thought it to be an effective item likewise now and again the workers were not enthused about taking a shot at such new thoughts. Be that as it may Occupations alongside his workers could change over the imaginative thoughts into an innovation which changed the way advanced innovation is utilized today. Regardless of whether it is the Macintosh PC or the recently propelled iPad or iPhone. It was Jobs initiative which roused and motivated and Apple made the frameworks and structures that could change over information into a significant item. Work challenge connects with his representatives to achieve almost outlandish goals (Bryant, 2003) (MCB UP Ltd, 2002). Work utilized moving addresses to keep his representatives propelled and pass on his creative thoughts to them (Harvey, 2001) Butcher (1989) argues with a proof by Steve Hawkins, worker of Apple puts it that the vast majority of the general population werent sufficient for him and would truly be in a condition of stun after experiences with Steve. Additionally, Steve was exceptionally goal-oriented alongside fussbudget and that brought about a great deal of issue with good. Youthful (2005) includes that Macintosh workers were pushed to the best of their ability and execution and associations with Steve were the ones which the vast majority of the representatives dreaded. As per Peter Elkind (2008) Steve work has clashing practices and he frequently had his subordinates to tears and in his irate temper he terminates the representatives. But then the top administration has worked with him for quite a long time and they give credit Jobs for the best employment they at any point did was just with him. (Elkind, 2008) Steve Job in a meeting expressed that he has truly able individuals and his occupation is to make the entire of his official group sufficient to be successors, so that is what hes attempting to do, to push them he has forceful dreams (Morris, 2008). As an Evidence the exchange of Steve employment with Morris (2008) reveals insight to the feedback made by specialists Steidlmeier (1999); Yukl (1999) about the transformational authority style in the writing audit and Steves transformational administration style demonstrates the exploitative or unmoral measurements of transformational initiative style. Likewise, Steve occupations communications are restricted to the top administration and he expresses that his employment is to work with kind of the main 100 individuals, among the 20000 individuals at Apple. This demonstrates his connections are not firmly related with the dominant part of his workers. (Morris, 2008) Steve Jobs as a Transactional Leader : Notwithstanding the above contentions about the authority style of Steve Job. Bryant (2003) is of view that Job showed a mix of transformational and value-based initiative style and this helped him achievement in Apple. As indicated by Bryant (2003) Job when gone to the Xerox Parc and he took a dream of how future PCs ought to work. Whats more, he made his representatives make the frameworks and structures in his organization Apple where information was changed over into profitable items e.g. the Macintosh PC. The transformational administration style was utilized as a part of his vision to change the way PC will be worked in future and value-based initiative style was utilized when he fused his vision into reality by making the items with the assistance of his representatives. In a meeting with Morris (2008) Steve discusses his part in the organization is to enrol in the meantime concentrate on its technique and deal with the entire business from various offices and individuals of the organization and this is a qualities of a value-based initiative style. Hersey Blanchard situational hypothesis connected to Steve Jobs: Steve Jobs administration style is more dependent on his adherents abilities and capacities. The Hersey Blanchard situational hypothesis demonstrate accentuation on coordinating a style of initiative to the development of subordinates this relationship demonstrates the assurance of administration viability as specified in the writing survey. The way work leads and his style identifies with this hypothesis. The appointing style D4-S4 is obvious from Steve meet with Morris (2008) where he says that on the off chance that he has enlisted great individuals and they have potential he would give them a business and left them keep running all alone and when a smart thought comes, an aspect of my responsibilities is to move it around, simply observe what diverse individuals think, get individuals discussing it, get thoughts moving among that gathering of 100 individuals, get distinctive individuals together to investigate distinctive parts of it . The partaking style D3-S3 of Hersey Blanchard situational hypothesis is the place Jobs discusses the way he takes another thought to his workers is the earth of brilliance and how his employees are self-roused, he coaches them at first and moves them and after that the representatives astonish him over and over with the best of their execution (Gendron, 1989) Contemporary Leadership Issues of Global Leadership and Leadership Change : Control of the big and little: Contemporary leadership focus on each aspect whether its small or big as Steve jobs was conscious about every detail when he was at apple. he was very clear with the goals and made them true as he turned his imagination into reality. he always concentrated every small aspect of the apple devices even the boards as well which are visible but he wanted them simple. Products before profit: As modern leadership is more quality focused rather than cost, Steve jobs always wanted to make the product insanely great without worrying about the cost. He just wanted to make innovative products he motivated the employees of company to work great products without caring about profit and cost because everything was secondary for him, similar to jobs leadership style contemporary leadership is more focused about its products. Concentrating on what is critical: Pioneers should guarantee that an association does not dismiss its principle objective. Steve Jobs exhibited this with a pile of measures that were intended to guarantee that Apple developed to more prominent statures. His primary point was effectiveness and cost investment funds to expand piece of the overall industry and net revenues. This saw him outsource assembling to Taiwan and expelled littler providers in the chain. He additionally ceased certain items which maybe were not adding key favourable position to Apple. Recommendations: Simplify Employments goals for Zen straightforwardness radiated through when he wiped out the on/off catch on the iPod. The music player bit by bit shut down and killed, and afterward it flashed on again with only a swipe. Occupations needed to compose complex programming and push the cut off points of preparing energy to deal with every one of the directions that made the UI appear to be basic. Employments exceeded expectations at outlining moderate gadgets that softened obstructions up PC speeds. His frameworks could remain solitary or cooperate in an interconnected environment-like an iPod associated with a Mac associated with an iTunes store. Apple could oversee unfathomable measures of data through division of work among the frameworks. For instance, the Mac controlled framework organization while iTunes brought content from distributed storage, liberating the gadget to focus on playing the music. Afterward, Jobs set his sights on overhauling the cell phone. He would get a contenders telephone and rage the capacities were inconceivable and the address book was incomprehensible. His iPhone set another standard for cell phones, making them into scaled down PCs. The iPhones little touch screen was the experiment for the iPad, Apples tablet PC, and demonstrated there was a major market for minuscule portable PCs. Toward the finish of his vocation, Jobs reconsidered TVs with another route framework to get to any video content on the web. He cooked up approaches to make TV more individual. 2. Control the Experience Apple assumed full liability for the item from end-to-end. Each part of the equipment was examined precisely, from every segment to the general look. In like manner, he considered the client involvement in each line of code and every sales representative in the Apple stores. Employments fixation on the entire gadget mirrored his energy for flawlessness. He utilized his intense attractive identity to rouse thousands. Apples model of a shut and restrictive framework was steady with his controlling identity and set Apple apart from open-source contenders. 3. Advance Trailblazers change the diversion standards to rehash ventures. Employments saw individuals were copying CDs on their PCs from substance on-line. The Mac could oversee recordings and photographs however it couldnt record CDs. Occupations thought he had missed an open door in on-line amusement. However, he re-examined the idea and built up a biological community that changed media outlets with iTunes programming and the iTunes Store. He made it easy to purchase and oversee music from one site and store it on an iPod or PC. After the accomplishment of the iPod, Jobs made more leaps forward in working frameworks, handling and memory and after that made sense of how to add remote voice to make the iPhone. 4. Disregard Reality Employments capacity to push the inconceivable was called his Reality Distortion Field, after a scene of Star Trek in which outsiders make an option reality through sheer will. An early illustration was when Jobs was on the night move at Atari and pushed Steve Wozniak to make an amusement called Breakout. Woz said it would take months, however Jobs gazed at him and demanded he could do it in four days. Woz wound up doing it. Conclusion Steve Jobs was a decent business visionary with a ton of vision and aspiration. He could without much of a stretch fit into the qualities of best business people which portrays as the capacity to go out on a limb, tirelessness, prejudice for uncertainty et cetera. In any case, the focal topic that stems from his authority style is that he was more errand arranged. He had an enthusiasm for Apple, and every one of his systems were focused towards guaranteeing that it developed to more prominent statures. From the contextual investigations, its implied that pioneers who need to copy Steve Jobs must be prepared to apply distinctive authority styles. They should be creative to guarantee that they create winning items in the market to beat contenders. They additionally should be participative pioneers and get completely included in the exercises of the association. Such pioneers must be prepared to be transformational pioneers an aptitude that might be required in turning an ass ociation round to enhance execution. Without some of those qualities it is hard to pick up the trust of workers and guarantee that they guide the association towards the correct course. References   Ã‚   (2013, 4 19). what makes a good leader. coons, h. a. (1957). isaacson, w. (2012). the real leadership lessons of steve jobs. 94-102. kalla, s. (2012, 04 02). Retrieved from forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/susankalla/2012/04/02/10-leadership-tips-from-steve-jobs/#64a3545f667 Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015). Leadership. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. 2012, 04 06). leadership of steve jobs. (v. v. suvarna, Interviewer) macInerney, s. (2011, 107). Retrieved from http://www.executivestyle.com.au/steve-jobs-an-unconventional-leader-1lcmo. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice. Los Angeles [u.a.: SAGE. wolinski, s. (2010, 04 21). Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/blogs/leadership/2010/04/21/leadership-theories/. The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan | Analysis The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan | Analysis The characters in Joy Luck Club differ from â€Å"Chan is missing† characters by, the first by having gender differences, second (C.I.M) characters arent trying to form mother/daughter bonds and third a major culture clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds happens in Joy Luck Club; therefore, The novelist and director both focus on the same issues and problems that Asian Americans face, being the topic of Behavioral assimilation/acculturation and structural or socioeconomic assimilation but go about separate routes on about discussing the issues and problems. The first major difference between the characters of the Joy Luck Club and â€Å"Chan is missing† is the gender differences. The Joy Luck Club characters are all females and â€Å"Chan is missing characters are all males. The gender differences between the two is the (C.I.M) movie was a masculine Asian perspective of Asian American culture rather than the Joy Luck Clubs feminine perspective of Asian American culture which was through a womans eyes. In â€Å"Chan is missing† the story and setting was more nit and gritty had a cast of predominately males which I stated before. Who cussed, drank beer and did just macho things. The Joy Luck Club story and settings focus on women empowerment, forming bond and inter personal relationships which is all women stuff and which is feminist based. The movie â€Å"Chan is missing† was more concerned with male qualities of pride, honor and a typical male move of acting without thinking. The incident when they gave the money t o Chan without even knowing who he really was therefore was the bullheaded move which every male makes at one point in his life. Then the characters pride and honor got in the way which made them track Chans whereabouts, honor and pride which is as important to males but rather less as important to women. Another difference between Chan is missing and the Joy Luck Club is the Joy Luck Club had a lot of lifetime drama, daughters hating mothers and mother hating daughters a story concerned with peoples feelings. The Amy tan book dealt with a lot of family issues and interpersonal problems that the main characters suffered from which made their relationships with one another difficult. The plot of the book revolved around how the characters could improved their bonds and better understand one another. In â€Å"Chan is Missing† such things were irrelevant the two main characters were family but seem to have a friendship bond, there were no personal family issues or problems that plagued the two except for the fact they lost 4000 dollars. Jo and Steve pretty much understood each other pretty well as for the characters from Joy Luck Club who all didnt truly understand or know each other. The last but major difference between the two was the culture clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds which happened in Joy Luck Club. There were instances of a cultural clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds mentioned in â€Å"Chan is missing† but was explained more vividly in Joy Luck Club. The Joy Luck Club showed or told of how Asian American can be very family oriented and how Family is very important within the Asian American community. In Chan is missing the director did not discuss the aspects of how family oriented Asians are in the movie or how important it is like the Joy Luck Club did which was the whole theme of the story. The Joy Luck Club explained of why Asian parents tend to be very strict with their children, because most mainland Asian parents come from strict and traditional cultures. It is only the way they were taught in their culture and its used as the main upbringing of their Asian children. Asian American also prides themselves on respect and bei ng successful. They hold their respect very high with in the Asian American communities and it is a very important part of their culture. All these issues were the cause of the strife within the Joy Luck Club; the parents were very traditional sticking to the roots of their culture following every custom to the T. The Chan is missing movie did mention the issue of how most Asian immigrants refuse to assimilate and still continue to retain a Chinese mentality but the Joy club gave a greater example by describing the mothers actions and dialogue. The mothers of Joy Luck Club wanted their daughters to be Chinese and American But they worried that their daughters were rejecting their ambitions for them, not caring about Chinese traditions and hating their strange customs. This was truly causing a culture clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds between modernized new generations of Joy Luck Club against the traditional characters. In â€Å"Chan is missing† there was more of a fo cus of how important it is for Asian Americans to strive to be successful in America. It went in more detail then the Joy Luck Club which only gave examples through the Waverley character. In certain events throughout the movie a few characters in (C.I.M) stated or assumed that Chan ran away because he was ashamed of how much a failure he was having had come to the U.S and obtained very little. They made it seem in the movie that it is an obligation for Asian Americans to be successful in life or they would bring dishonor to themselves and their families. By watching certain scenes in (C.I.M) emphasized how important it is for Asian Americans to be successful at whatever they do and failure is considered a taboo in Asian culture. These subjects are what set (C.I.M) and The Joy Luck Club apart from each other both discussed the same issues within Asian American culture but one or the other went in more detail about the subjects which caused major differences. Amy Tan and Wayne Wang both focused on the same issue and problem within Asian Americans culture which is the problem of assimilation and its different variations, being Behavioral assimilation, structural assimilation, socioeconomic assimilation and also the problems created behind assimilation. Behavioral assimilation occurs when a newcomer absorbs the cultural norms, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the host society. This may also involve learning English and/or becoming an American citizen examples were shown throughout the film (C.I.M) when then Jo sat down and talked to the English language teacher. Within this process, Asian Americans may choose to retain much of their traditional Asian culture, norms, and behaviors while still acquiring those of mainstream American society â€Å"still thinking Chinese† term used in (C.I.M), or to discard his/her traditional forms of Asian culture entirely in favor of complete immersion and identification within American societ y. The second and third type of assimilation is structural and socioeconomic assimilation, referring to when Asian Americans enter and become integrated into the economic, social, political and cultural institutions of the American society i.e., using the members of Joy Luck Club who had a lawyer, a writer and looking at other Asian who obtain well to do jobs becoming full members of American society. Simply referring to when they attain socioeconomic status usually in the form of high incomes, great occupations, suburban residency, paying taxes and so on causing them to be equal to other members of mainstream American society. All Asian American at some point come to The U.S to socioeconomically assimilate for themselves or their children with the goal of attain a great future, to do that they will have to adapt by assimilating to the culture in which they or their family have migrated to. Some assimilate very quickly while others assimilate very slowly sometimes following a less prosperous path and assimilating into the underclass or working really hard towards being in the upper-class. While other choosing not at all to assimilate becoming members within tight-knit immigrant communities. These different kinds of assimilators are what sometimes lead to cultural clashes and problems within Asian communities. The main problems is of immigrant Asians or Asian Americans â€Å"finding their identities† and the misunderstanding of traditional Asian and (A.B) American born Asian. I forgot to mention The process of undergoing either behavioral, structural, socioeconomic assimilation can occur over time and over the succession of generations leading to increasing economic, cultural, political, and residential integration into American society which happened to the younger members of Joy Luck Club. Or it can happen in a non-linear, circular, or bumpy manner in which Asian Americans revive or retain old cultural traditions, norms, and behaviors and choose to re main somewhat isolated from mainstream American society (older members of Joy Luck Club) or alternatively, to combine elements of both traditional Asian although they may modify old traditions and values to fit their contemporary circumstances and mainstream American culture seen throughout â€Å"Chan is missing†. In the Joy Luck Club and Chan is missing Movie â€Å"finding their identities† and the misunderstanding of traditional Asian and (A.B) American born Asian was all from the problems of assimilation. The behavioral assimilation case throughout the Joy Luck Club was of the mothers who didnt assimilate retaining old cultural traditions and being strict towards their daughters; therefore the daughters who did assimilate and were very Americanized causing a major culture conflict. The socioeconomic and structural assimilation accrued when the mother pushed their daughters to be what their culture expected of them to be which was successful be it being a piano playe rs, doctor, or lawyer. This caused a lot of misunderstanding between the two groups causing each other to doubt and to truly look into understanding each other and themselves â€Å"finding their identities†. In Chan is missing they gave the assumptions that Chan fled because he could not or did not do well enough to socioeconomically assimilate and to behavioral assimilate in American society. He failed to socioeconomically assimilate because he was unable to obtain the wealth he thought he would achieve in America that he had back home, his wife considered him a failure and several characters concurred with that fact. The behavioral assimilation was the most talked about topic, the phrase â€Å"thinking Chinese† came up several times which made me recall several incidents that related to behavioral assimilations. The scene when Jo and Steve were in the cafà © talking to the lady about Chans accident and how it was a lack of communication made references of how it was a cultural difference. The language teacher and the insurance agent that sponsored Chan made reference of how some Chinese still held on to their mainland beliefs which got in the way of them assimilating and becoming successful, that they were â€Å"Thinking Chinese†. The political feud between the PCR and Taiwan nationalist paraders is an example of how some Asians still held on to their cultural political traditions rather than embrace their new American ones which caused a lot of problems in the Asian community. Those incidents were all example of Chan not really being able to behavioral assimilate, causing Chan to probably search within himself and â€Å"find his identity† stated by Jo in the movie. There were also dialogues of the younger character Steve having misunderstandings between Chan which were caused by culture differences having different sets of humor because they came from different cultural backgrounds. The Behavioral assimilation, structural assimi lation, and socioeconomic assimilation between Asian American society and culture were the main focus within the movie and story; they were linked together through the issues of the sometimes misunderstanding of peoples who take different approach towards assimilating and the problems which causes a person to rethink their cultural identities. Standard Model of Cosmology: Overview and Analysis Standard Model of Cosmology: Overview and Analysis SYNOPSIS Since Hubble discovered the Universe expansion, cosmologists had been expecting the expansion would slow down due to the attractive force of gravity. However, in 1998, two independent teams of scientists studied the distant Type I supernovae (SNe) and soon realised that SNe were moving away from us more quickly than was originally thought. This revealed that the expansion of our universe is indeed accelerating. What could be the underlying cause of this accelerated expansion? Cosmologists provoked the term ‘dark energy’ to describe this phenomenon. In order to understand what dark energy is, different approaches are being undertaken in an attempt to explain this strange phenomenon: some cosmologists predicted that there must be some kind of ‘antigravity’ effect which we haven’t yet understood; some stated our understanding of Einstein’s theory of General Relativity could be wrong and a more complete theory of gravity should be implied. In this review paper, we start by having an overview of standard model of cosmology since it attempted to explain the current status of the universe and its evolution over time. This leads us to review of the simplest approach in dark energy—cosmological constant followed by a number of theoretical models that give different ideas towards understanding the nature of dark energy. In particular, we introduce the idea of vacuum energy and summarise Quintessence model as one of the modified gravity approach and f(R) gravity model as one of the unmodified gravity approach and their merits. Furthermore, we look at observational evidences for accelerated expansion and what they have revealed about dark energy. These include distant Type Ia supernovae, the measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). We then describe in details of the key observational probes of dark energy such as weak gravitational lensing in addition to SNe and B AO. In the conclusion part, we address the future of dark energy by summarising couples of major projects that will be used to probe the history of the universe’s expansion, these includes Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Euclid Satellite. Finally, we come to an open discussion to remark the progress of dark energy would potentially made in the future by considering the two fundamental questions of accelerated expansion: does theory of General Relativity remain on the cosmological scale? And, is dark energy something else or none other than what we think it is? Overall, our goal for this review is to give a broader picture on the universe’s accelerated expansion and trying to understand the mystery of dark energy from varying observational techniques. Chapter 1: Brief review of Cosmology Before getting to understand the nature of dark energy, we first start from basic cosmology. In this chapter, we focus on the expansion history of the universe by referring to the standard model of cosmology and the future of the universe. At the end, we relate Einstein’s ‘biggest blunder’ to accelerated expansion hence bring out the first candidate of dark energy. 1.1 Standard Model of Cosmology Dark energy has been one of the biggest mysteries of the universe over ten years long and surprisingly, it counts for ~68% of the universe’s composition where ~27% belongs to a ‘missing mass’ that so-called dark matter which currently believed to be composed of completely new elementary particle. The rest 5% is something we know so far—Baryons matter, that is the ordinary matter that composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. These are all predicted within the framework of Standard model of Cosmology, also known as the Lambda Cold Dark Matter cosmological model (ΛCDM). Cosmologists have not yet come up an agreement on what the standard cosmological model is, but they have successfully used the observational pillars to propose the hypothesis of Hot Big Bang. Some key ones include: Universe’s expansion; Big Bang Nucleosynthesis; the detection of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and the formation of large-scale structure. Universe’s expansion Recall the Doppler Effect which describes redshift z as: (1.1) where a is the scale factor whose present value is 1. The equation tell us that if light/sound receding from us, the wavelength would stretch out and being observed with larger wavelength than the emitted one. Apply this to the distant galaxies, if the universe is expanding implying the galaxies should be moving away from us, hence we would observe the light from the galaxies become reddening. Back in 1920s, Hubble studied the distant galaxies and found that they are receding from us. Remarkably, Hubble provided the first evidence of universe’s expansion. As Hubble Law describes: the distance between galaxies is d = ax where x is the fixed commoving distance. If there is no any commoving motion (i.e. ) and the relative velocity v is therefore given as where is called the Hubble constant. Thus, the relation suggests that velocity should increase linearly with distance. Figure 1.11 is the original Hubble Diagram that indicating this relationship. Figure 1.11 Hubble’s original diagram (1929). He plotted velocities of distant galaxies against distance and used the solid line as the best fit to the point which had been corrected for the Sun’s position. Nowadays, we can be running reverse of this expansion and trace the history of the universe back to nearly 14 billion years ago when everything squeezed together into an extremely hot and dense state. This is where the universe began as a violent explosion and ever since then, our universe keeps cooling and expanding in a very long process. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis When the universe was still very hot and dense, high energy photons would destroy any atom or nucleus leading no neutral atoms or bound nuclei exist. The production of Dark Matter is believed to occur around the time. As the universe expanded, universe’s temperature gradually decreased allowing Big Bang Nucleosynthesis take place. Light element such as helium and deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) started forming and our universe was thought to be radiation dominated at that stage. Cosmic Microwave Background When there was further drop down of temperature, electrons and protons are available to combine to form hydrogen atom. Since the energy density of relativistic particle decreases quickly it was overtook by that of the non-relativistic matter i.e. baryons and dark matter, the universe was entered a matter-dominated epoch. From then, the universe became transparent and radiation travelled freely in the universe and eventually reached us after over ten billion years. This is what we called the cosmic background radiation. They are believed to be the oldest light in the universe and bring us back to a very early stage of the universe. As well as being a strong evidence of Big Bang model, CMB also plays an important role for probing the dark energy. We will spend reasonable amount of time in this review discuss more details on how CMB point to the existence of dark energy and different missions that launched to map CMB in greater details. Formation of Large-Scale Structure Several hundred million years after Big Bang, the temperature of the universe had fallen down to some extent, dust gas started collapsing under gravitational attraction, galaxies and clusters were finally formed in the matter-dominated epoch. After all, it seems that the Hot Big Bang model has been well developed as a scientifically testable theory and the observational datasets gave us considerable confidence to see it as the most potential model to predict the history of our universe. However, there are still some difficulties with this standard cosmological model. For example, the horizon problem the flatness problem and the famous antimatter problem. In modern cosmology, both of the horizon problem and isotropy problem are explained by era of inflation which is introduced into the timeline prior to the radiation-dominated epoch of the universe. The idea of inflation was within a second right after the explosion, the universe underwent a very rapid inflation. As a result, the universe increased its size by a super huge factor and completely smoothed out, left it with our current status—homogeneity and isotropy. This is exactly what The Cosmological Principle state: the universe on large scales is homogeneous and isotropic. To summarise the main consequences of the Big Bang model, Figure 1.12 present the overview of the history of the universe and how the dominant component of the universe change over time. Figure 1.12 the evolution of the universe and any epoch associated with time and density. (Pearson Education 2011) From Figure 1.12, we notice that at the earliest stage in the universe, radiation dominated, as the universe expanded and temperature dropped down, matter overtook radiation, universe was then matter dominated. At relatively recent times, radiation density and matter density have decrease so much, dark energy whole density remain relatively constant with time took over and dominated the universe. Our current era is believed to be dark energy dominated. 1.2 The Fate of the Universe We know from the last section that the universe most probably started by Big Bang and it keep expanding ever since then. Our next question is straightforward: What will the universe end up with? This is determined by the interplay of the gravitational attraction of mass in the universe and the repulsive effect of dark energy. Consider the universe is expanding causing the galaxies to move further away from each other. However, gravitational attraction between these galaxies works against the expansion to slow it down. Whether gravity or expansion to take over would depend on the density of the universe. Here the critical density is defined as (2) The density parameter à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ is therefore expressed as (3) where The fraction of the matter energy density in terms of critical density is: (4) Similarly, the fraction of the dark energy density in the critical density is: (5) Note that both of the present-day density and critical density would change with time, thus their values at the present time are used in this definition. If , (curvature term k = 0), this is a special intermediate case where the universe is thought to be flat and it will continue to expand in a slow rate under gravity, but it will never turn around; if , (curvature term k = +1), the universe will expand to its maximum size and collapse in a ‘Big Crunch’ leading to a closed universe since the gravitational gravity is stronger than weak expansion; and if , (curvature term k = -1), ) this corresponds to an open universe where the universe will expand forever because the expansion is powerful enough that gravitational attraction will never pull them together again. Figure 1.21 summarise these three possibilities of the end of our universe. Figure 1.21 three possibilities of the fate of universe: open, close and flat universe. The line responsible for the accelerating universe will be discuss later.