Western Art

In the Paris suburb, about 80 km from the city, there stands the one of the most exquisite samples of the French cathedrals of Gothic style, the Chartres. Numerous works on this subject someway mention that â€Å"Gothic architecture began with the quantum leap of Chartres Cathedral, France† (Vickers, 1999). To be more specific about the interior architecture of this building, let us come inside. There are several unique architectural features, ‘cutting-edge’ for the 12th century, introduced in the edifice. First and the most outstanding of them, the flying buttresses, have greatly contributed in the whole architectural solution represented by higher ceiling and thinner walls, which later became typical for Gothic structures. The buttresses allowed redistributing of the roof load outw?rds, and helped to avoid the old practice of thick, heavy walls. Generally, the Cathedral was built in Latin-crossed configuration, as we can see on the plan: As we enter the cathedral, our attention is primarily drawn by multiple arches (another peculiarity of cathedral’s architecture), the stained-glass windows composed of the hundreds of geometric?lly sh?ped glass pieces, and the sculptures illustrating Old Testament scenes. By moving on between the two towers, we are walking over the famous labyrinth, and can see numerous arcades on the both North and South Naves, with clerestory and stained glass above. As we look back to the entrance, we notice one of the three rose windows on the west front. Passing the aspiring aisles leads us to the Crossing, the central part of the building, wider and more spacious. On the left transept our glance is immediately grabbed by the wall painting of Saints fronting the ‘Virgin and Child’ painting on the opposite transept. At the same time we are enjoying the view of cross-type vaulting and upper north and south walls including more rose windows. After the Crossing, we are finally reaching the Choir section and the Ambulatory. The apse of the cathedral is represented with 5 Radiating Chapels. The Chartres Cathedral that we have nowadays, despite fire damages and further restoration, is one of the finest examples of the French Gothic architecture.

Exclusionary Rule Evaluation Essay

The Exclusionary Rule was designed to exclude evidence obtained in violation of a criminal defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizures by law enforcement personnel. If the search of a criminal suspect is searched unreasonable, the evidence obtained in the search will be excluded from trial. The Exclusionary Rule is a court made rule it is not in any of the statutes, it was not created by the Legislative bodies but rather by the United States Supreme Court. The Exclusionary Rule applies to the federal courts by virtue of the Fourth Amendment. Police misconduct plays a key role the rule and if there wasn’t misconduct within our police department the Exclusionary Rule would not exist today. The Fourth Amendment and the Exclusionary Rule go hand in hand; the 4th Amendment protects us from unreasonable (illegal) search and seizures and if there is evidence steaming from a violation of the 4th Amendment then that evidence ikest thrown completely out of the trial. The rule mostly is there tas the enforcer on the government, the Exclusionary Rule was introduced by the Supreme Court in 1914 from the case Weeks v. United States. I think that the rule does not need to be abolished because the government should be held accountable for their actions; even though the government is a system divided. I think that we the people are held accountable in the court of law then it is only right they are too. Have you ever taken a leap in good faith? Well, the Exclusionary Rule has a good faith exception And it provides that when an honest mistake is made during the course of a search and seizure any subsequently obtained evidence will be considered admissible. (Worrall, 2012) I think some things could be updated not only in the criminal justice system but the Constitution and statutes. The judges are given absolute immunity protecting them from any of their decisions and the prosecutors are given qualified ammunity References www.findlaw.com www.studymode.com Criminal Procedure John Worrall, (2012)

Elasticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Elasticity - Essay Example The essay explains the three elements of elasticity and their respective implication on the organisations. By elaborating on the different needs of elasticity the essays proposes to identify the implications of the concepts on the organisations. Furthermore, with the use of examples, the paper intends to illustrate the different concepts that are related with the practical implications of the same on the organisational backdrop. The ‘price elasticity of demand’ is defined as â€Å"is the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a commodity to a percentage change in price† (Jain, & Ohri, 2010). Price is one of the most important factors that determine the amount of goods that is likely to be demanded by the consumers. The change in price of a product has a direct impact on the overall demand of a consumer. This measure of elasticity helps in identifying the sensitivity of consumers based on their individual needs of demanding a particular product as per the change in price. The price elastic goods are often noted to be having a huge shift in the quantity demanded based on a slight shift in the price of the product. It is noted that determination of price of a commodity in the economy is quite significant (Hirschey, 2008). Price elasticity is the most common type of elasticity of demand and is measured in terms of the reaction that a product has towards change in price. T he following equation helps in determining the measure of price elasticity of demand. The above equation illustrate that the price elasticity of demand helps in measuring the sensitivity of a product towards percentage change in quantity demanded based on price. The same could be justified using graphical representation. The graph depicts that at A the price of the commodity is denoted by P whereas the demand of the commodity is denoted as Q. Notably, with the fall in the price of commodity from P to P1 the quantity of the commodity

How the Internet is Changing Market Research Paper

How the Internet is Changing Market - Research Paper Example The marketing research activities are based on a number of techniques to gain potential information from the marketplace. Activities of primary research which enables the use of primary tools can conduct interviews on groups of people or on specific individuals. These interviews conducted over focus or target groups are conducted either personally or through telephones or by rendering mails. Again the data can be gathered by the researcher through the conducting of experiments where control over the data variables is rendered through effective observation. After the division of the population into focus groups questionnaires are designed to conduct interviews to help retrieve potential data. After collection of potential data the same can be tested using statistical tools or hypothesis is conducted on the same to help retrieve potential inferences (Isikli, 84-88, Jakubiak, et. al. 7-11). Use of Internet Research Techniques in Marketing ResearchWith the advent of internet technology s everal firms like Procter and Gamble have gained considerably. It is because the development of internet has helped the company in building a test market wherein the company can launch new products and services to help reach a large number of consumers spread along large geographical areas and territories. These consumers can render potential ratings to the new launches on gaining required information and also renders their personal information on the same. These ratings and personal information serve as potential databases.... After collection of potential data the same can be tested using statistical tools or hypothesis is conducted on the same to help retrieve potential inferences (Isikli, 84-88, Jakubiak, et. al. 7-11). Use of Internet Research Techniques in Marketing Research With the advent of internet technology several firms like Procter and Gamble have gained considerably. It is because the development of internet has helped the company in building a test market wherein the company can launch new products and services to help reach a large number of consumers spread along large geographical areas and territories. These consumers can render potential ratings to the new launches on gaining required information and also renders their personal information on the same. These ratings and personal information serve as potential databases to the consumer goods company which in earlier times had to be gathered through building of a market research team that would roam about the market place to gather potent ial business data. This activity of the business company would have led to the increase of business costs and would also require a large amount of time to be expended on the same. Hence with the advent of internet technology these business companies which survived on the basis of considerable information retrieved from the market place to help reduce the cost of gaining the same. Again the use of internet based technology in regards to marketing research activities also helps the consumer goods company in gaining large amount of secondary data that is used by the company later on to train the sales and organizational staff. Secondary data generated from the internet can be potential information in regards to the competitor’s position and their

Lucozade Company International Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lucozade Company International Expansion - Essay Example Introduction Lucozade Company is a trademark name that is used to encompass a series of sports energy drinks, which are produced by the GlaxoSmithKline Company. The energy drink alongside Ribena is currently being produced in Royal Forest Factory in  Cole ford,  Gloucestershire, in the  Forest of Dean. Although Lucozade is presently known as Lucozade Energy, it was previously branded Lucozade. The drink contains a series of flavors, which depend with the taste, and preference of the individual consumer. It contains a series of still, fruit based, isotonic energy drinks, which are designed mainly for use to the original Lucozade sport and other physically demanding activities. Moreover, the company has developed a brand known as Lucozade sport lite, which is a sugar free substance and was launched in 2011 mainly for diabetic people. Other flavors that come along with this drinks include, Orange, Raspberry, Tropical, Cherry, Lite- Orange, Lite- Lemon & Lime, and Lite- Cherry. Bac kground Lucozade Company was started in 1953 in Brent ford, England. However, William Owe, a chemical analyst from Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, started the events that started the company in 1927. Owen’s original idea was to come up with a soft drink that would be primarily used by ailing patients to boost their energy. The product was marketed in UK under the brand name Glucozade but later, the product was rebranded to Lucozade. The company has rebranded severally since then, which has been informed by several breakthrough insights by consumer psychologist Roy Langmaid, who recognized that there was a need to shift the brand's associations away from illness and towards empowerment. Expanding In Saudi Arabia and Saudi Drink Sector Lucozade Company is a major sponsor of events and sports globally. The company also sponsors various athletes in different sports. The recommendation by most countries has cautioned the company not to exceed 700k Cal per liter and 0.01% ethanol. This has ma de the energy drink to be forbidden in most Muslim countries. However, the Muslim council made a ruling that it would be religiously safe to use the energy drink. However, it is recommended for people to take Lucozade in case they are suffering from diarrhea. This is because during this condition, a great deal of fluid and electrolytes are lost from the body. However, it is scientifically claimed that the drink does not contain enough electrolytes to be suitable for electrolyte replacement. The sports and energy drink industry in Saudi Arabia can be analyzed and depicted well according to the Porters Five Forces Model. Porters Five Forces Model is arguable the most important tool for analysis since it is based on fundamentals of competitive advantage. The model deals with forces outside the model which influences the nature of competition in the industry, which is the microenvironment and so, the industries likely profitability (Ekeledo, 2003, p.68). The Saudi Marketing Environment Lucozade Company has to understand the dynamics of the industry and the Saudi Arabian market in order to compete favorably and effectively in the marketplace. This model describes the forces, which describe the forces that drive competition (Madsen & Servais, 1997, p. 561). These forces include rivalry between existing sellers, influence of consumers on the market, seller-supplier influence, the potential threat of new market entrants as well as threat of substitute products (Zahra

Newscorp phone-Hacking Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Newscorp phone-Hacking - Speech or Presentation Example The issue here goes much beyond phone hacking and goes to the question of corporate culture, ethics, privacy, confidentiality and freedom of speech. Journalists are traditionally have a right to investigate and they are expected to report fearlessly. The Pulitzer prize of USA is awarded to such outstanding journalists. However, what Murdoch and his hacks accomplished was not an expose into illegal dealings but an expose into the private sorrow of deceased soldiers and murdered girls. Clearly, News Corp went to a new low. However, some people have also blamed the news hungry public that constantly feeds off the cable television, the Internet and other modern media tools. Realty shows also find high viewership and in such shows, celebrities commit all types of behaviour that should not be actually shown on public TV but which the celebrities want to be shown. In addition, there are crime TV series and other such channels where the blur between acceptable and tasteless footage is very f ineClearly, people place great pressure on the newsmakers, reporters and media houses to deliver and show something new and unique. TV ratings, advertisement revenues, salaries of people and survival of the media channels depends on the ‘eyeballs’ that their content generates. Thus, journalists are under great pressure to deliver what the public wants. News Corp had been hacking phones since 2005 and a large number of people read stories some of which were presumably written using phone hacks. It was only after that the journalists were caught that people were disgusted. Therefore, the audience is also partly to blame for creating a demand for such tasteless stories. 3) Practical and realistic policy recommendation It is clear from the incident of News Corp that ethics, moral responsibility and corporate culture of news media houses is highly questionable. The government is in a very tight position. If it brings in regulations and imposes curbs on what can be published and what cannot, the whole media will revolt and cry out against censorship, forgetting the main issue of phone hacking. At the same time, if the government does not do anything, it is accused of dragging its feet and of being held to ransom by a power media house.

Using insight into historaical, social and cultural context write an Essay

Using insight into historaical, social and cultural context write an regarding the expectations of pip in Charles Dickens 'Great expectaions - Essay Example He develops unrealistic expectations which lead him to develop undesirable traits. However, the resulting disappointments turn him more mature and responsible. In the beginning, Pip is so vulnerable crying â€Å""Oh! Dont cut my throat, sir, O pray.....† (p.3) when the convict Magwitch catches him in the churchyard. His situation is so desperate as he stands looking at the graves of seven members of his family; being an orphan, without family and friends, he stands alone in the world. In such a position, Pip longs to improve himself setting expectations. He admires Joe, the blacksmith and has "a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart" (p.4). However, his admiration soon turns into indifference as he starts develop unrealistic expectations. Some of his expectations are educational, moral and social. The change starts coming upon him on his meeting Mrs. Havisham and Estella. Pip, who has admired Joe and the working class life, starts noticing the difference between classes. He thinks regretfully, â€Å"I was a common labouring-boy; that my hands were coarse; that my boots were thick; and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way" (p. 27). He loves Estella and yearns to marry her; however, he faces the truth that he is poor, ignorant and realises the difference between moral and immoral behaviour. He is idealistic which causes him to have a very narrow view of the world. So, he sometimes acts rude to people who actually care for him. He goes by the face value, which leads to disappointments. When Mr. Jaggers tells Pip about the great expectations that they have placed on him, he thinks that Miss Havisham is going to spend her fortune and expects that Mrs. Havisham is his benefactor, but when he realises the truth that he had been so long supported by a convict, he is unable to take it. However, later he comes to learn the human qualities of

FDI and Economic Growth Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

FDI and Economic Growth - Article Example The UN defines control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm. In the years after the World War II global FDI was dominated by theUnited States, as much of the world recovered from the destruction wrought by the conflict. The U.S. accounted for around three-quarters of new FDI (including reinvested profits) between 1945 and 1960. Since that time FDI has spread to become a truly global phenomenon, no longer the exclusive preserve of OECD countries. FDI has grown in importance in the global economy with FDI stocks now constituting over 20% of global GDP. In the last few years, the emerging market countries such as China and India have become the most favoured destinations for FDI and investor confidence in these countries has soared. As per the FDI Confidence Index compiled byA.T. Kearney in 2006, China and India hold the first and second position respectively, whereas United States has slipped to the third position. position. Types of FDI Greenfield Investment: direct investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nation's promotional efforts because they create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how, and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace. However, it often does this by crowding out local industry; multinationals are able to produce goods more cheaply (because of advanced technology and efficient processes) and uses up resources (labor, intermediate goods, etc). Another downside of greenfield investment is that profits from production do not feed back into the local economy, but instead to the multinational's home economy. This is in contrast to local industries whose profits flow back into the domestic economy to promote growth. Mergers and Acquisitions: transfers of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes place; the primary type of FDI. Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal entity. Cross-border acquisitions occur when the control of assets and operations is transferred from a local to a foreign company, with the local company becoming an affiliate of the foreign company. Unlike greenfield investment, acquisitions provide no long term benefits to the local economy-- even in most deals the owners of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are a significant form of FDI and until around 1997, accounted for nearly 90% of the FDI flow into the United States. Horizontal Foreign Direct Investment: investment in the same industry abroad as a firm operates in at home. Vertical Foreign Direct Investment: is of two kinds: 1) backward vertical FDI: where an industry abroad provides inputs for a firm's domestic production process 2) forward vertical FDI: in which an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firm's domestic production FDI can also be categorized based on the motive behind the investment from the perspective of the investing firm: Resource Seeking: Investments which seek to acquire factors of production that are more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home e

OVERHEAD COSTS Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

OVERHEAD COSTS - Literature review Example The cost of direct labor, direct material and manufacturing overhead must allocate to each and every unit produced. This is done to value the inventory and the costs of goods manufactured, and then report them according to the general accounting principles. Manufacturing overhead may include costs like electricity which is used to operate the factory equipment, depreciation of factory equipment, salary of indirect labor and all the cost related to production except direct labor and direct material. Nonmanufacturing overhead includes activities related to the selling and administration departments. These costs are not included in the cost of goods sold as they are taken directly in the income statement as expense. Nonmanufacturing overhead includes cost such as freight charges, property tax, maintenance of equipment and salary for employees of selling and administrative department etc. Although the nonmanufacturing overhead is not included in the cost of goods sold but they are actual ly the part of the combined cost incurred in the manufacturing of a product. LITERATURE REVIEW Don R. Hansen, M.M.M.L.G. (2009) Cost Management: Accounting & Control, Cengage Learning. Don Hansen defines overhead cost as all the production costs other than direct labor and direct material that are incurred during production process. ... The examples for overhead costs are depreciation on equipment and buildings, maintenance of equipment and supplies, taxes etc. Supplies are products that are used in the manufacturing of the product but are not the part of the final product or the services. Dishwasher detergents used in restaurants and oil lubricants used in production are the example of supplies. Direct material that is not the main or significant part of the final product is also included in the overhead costs under the category of indirect cost. An example of indirect material can be the glue used in the manufacturing of toys. The cost for the overtime for direct labor is also assigned to the overhead category. This is because no production has been identified that can be marked as the cause for overtime. Overtime cost is an indirect cost and therefore it is allocated to all the departments (DON R. HANSEN, 2009). Don Dayananda, R.I.S.H.J.H.P.R. (2002) Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects, Cambridge University Press. Don Dayananda, Richard Irons, Steve Harrison, John Herbohn and Patrick Rowland in their book â€Å"Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects† have stated two examples of overhead cost i.e. utilities (electricity, water and gas) and executive salaries. Cost accounting is all about allocating the overhead cost to their appropriate production units. In product evaluation the main issue is the identification of the incremental overhead cost rather than the allocation of overhead. On the basis of the overhead cost and the incremental overhead cost the firm decides to accept or reject proposals of any project. There are often times when there is not even a single project to which the overhead cost can be allocated. In

Learning Processes Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Processes Paper - Essay Example Learners utilize three strategies i.e. change should be incorporated in order to fit into the present environment; learning about the existing environment would form a behavioral resource for the learner; and locating an environment that is beneficial for the learner. The process of learning is a continual process of constructing, interpreting and modifying. A good learning model should be coherent, concrete, conceptual and considerate wherein. Experience the best teacher of knowledge. The habit of a mind includes valuing, inclination, alertness, capability and commitment. The theory of behaviorism concentrates on overt behaviors that is observed and measured. The belief that learning results in a change in the learners behavior and those skills should be learnt consecutively. Behaviorism states that learning is largely unknowable i.e. one is unable to understand the happenings inside a person. This theory leads Cognitive Theory. Behavior is spontaneous; it simply happens. Cognitive theorists view learning as involving the acquisition of the cognitive structures through which learner’s process and store information. Utilizing the cognitive style, learners are able of managing, regulating and controlling the flow of information. Cognitive Style believes that learning occurs when learners incorporate new concepts which are potentially meaningful to their cognitive structure. In propositioning their model of situated cognition, Brown, Collins and Duguid stated that meaningful learning will occur only if it is embedded in the social and physical context within which it is utilized. (Brown, Collins & Duguid, 1989). Constructivism, advocates that learners produce knowledge as they attempt to understand their experiences. Behaviourism and cognitivism view knowledge as peripheral to the learner. Constructivism assumes that learners are not vacant ferries; instead learners are forever challenging to create new meaning. Constructivists believe

Calvetta Essay Example for Free

Calvetta Essay 4. How, if at all, should Calveta’s organization structure and practices be changed to accommodate growth and effective communication, while maintaining the company’s culture? This is a very sticky issue. Growth, along with other factors, seems to have diminishing effects on company culture, popularly referred to as â€Å"Antonio’s way†. Two forms of growth present themselves to the company. They can either expand into the hospital segment (which falls in line with core competencies); or they could buy up GSD consequently growing their SLF customer base. Given the issues listed, I don’t believe purchasing GSD would be profitable, as debt financing would have to be undertaken thus, going against Antonio’s way. However, Frank believes they must grow in order to stay competitive within the industry so the former opportunity should be undertaken. The turnover, and promotion rate for Calveta is too rapid. It’s one of the major issues dissatisfied customers had with the SLF. Frank should consider slowing this down, and perhaps placing new staff members in proper training programs administered by current staff to ensure smooth staff changes. Whilst flexibility and ease of advancement may make the employees happier, the customers will suffer from the constant interrupted changes. Calveta should maintain a degree of normalcy in the workplace, and make it harder to advance (could have positive affects on employees motivation). Another structural issue is the current staff organization. If Frank is worried about the loss of emphasis on his father’s ideals he must communicate this effectively with the staff. Discussion groups, incentive packages, and achievable goals should be established for all staff members, especially new ones, so that company culture is maintained and reinforced. If Calveta are to grow, they will need a larger amount of regional employees. This will most likely lead to the hiring of persons outside of the company. Calveta need not hire them right out of college though. They may obtain them from similar companies with similar values and ideals. As GSD is about to be taken over, perhaps the better staff members may wish to come to Calveta  instead of staying on with a new owner. To ensure continuation of company culture pointed questions in the interview and recruitment process pertaining to it should be asked. Similarly, constant feedback for current employees would reinforce challenge 4, of Antonio’s way.

The Part Time Workers Essay Example for Free

The Part Time Workers Essay Introduction Working part time can be a good way of balancing ones work and personal commitments. Part-time workers have the right to be treated fairly in comparison to their full-time colleagues [icn.ch]. A part-time worker is one who works fewer hours than a full-time worker.  Theres no specific number of hours that makes one full or part-time. The reasons for working part-time vary from one individual to another. It may be that one simply wants to have a different work-life balance, or one may have caring responsibilities. Part time work means different things to different people. Part-time work may be defined as regular wage employment with hours of work substantially shorter than normal in the establishment concerned [direct.gov.uk]. It may mean working at night to some people or working during the day to others. This depends on the custom and practice of each work place. For example in developing countries night duty is viewed as a part time job whereas advanced countries adopt a system of part time employment where employees work per hour. Hence it can be implemented by day or night. The aim of this paper is to introduce the part time workers regulations 2000.This law was implemented [europa.eu] to facilitate the development of part time work on a voluntary basis. It also aimed at contributing to the flexible organization of working time in a manner that takes into account the needs of workers. It was amended in the year 2000 but came into force on 1st October 2002. Its aim was to prevent part time workers from less favourable treatment such as discrimination in redundancy, promotion, training, pension schemes and job benefits, pay and appraisal. Amendments to the part time workers regulations 2000 According to the policy of the relevant Australian government perspective [cpe.sa.gov.au], part time workers regulations were amended as follows: Part-timers must be treated at least as well as equivalent full-time workers, unless the reason why not can be objectively justified. An equivalent full-time worker is one doing a similar job on the same type of contract. 2) The regulations include temporary staff such as agency and casual workers but part time agency workers cant compare themselves to full time permanent workers. The regulations dont stop employers giving better terms to part-timers, perhaps to encourage a more balanced workforce, but the employer will need to be sure that doing this is not against other discrimination laws. 3) Part-timers must be treated at least as well as equivalent full-time workers, unless the reason why not can be objectively justified. An equivalent full-time worker is one doing a similar job on the same type of contract. 4) The regulations include temporary staff such as agency and casual workers but part time agency workers cant compare themselves to full time permanent workers. The regulations dont stop employers giving better terms to part-timers, perhaps to encourage a more balanced workforce, but the employer will need to be sure that doing this is not against other discrimination laws. 5) Employees wanting to work part time should discuss their requirements with their manager. If it is agreed that part time work can be arranged there should be a written agreement which includes the period of part time work, the actual hours of work, and the duties and responsibilities for the part time work arrangement. Any changes to these arrangements should be agreed to by both parties. 6) Employers are expected to give reasonable and positive consideration to requests to work part time. They should also provide objective justification of why vacancies are not suitable for conversion to part time.   They should develop a part time policy which ensures that employees are treated fairly and have equal access to general conditions of employment.   7) Appropriate management of part time employees is crucial. Managers need to consider ways of formally redesigning jobs to provide for part time work and ensure that part time employees are given equal access to training, development and promotional opportunities. Managers should check that the work load for part time employees is not the same as that of a full time employee and is commensurate with the hours worked [cpe.sa.gov.au]. RIGHTS OF PART TIME WORKERS Part-time workers rights are synonymous with analysing their rates of pay. In this regard, part-time workers must get at least the same hourly pay rate as a full-timer doing a similar job [eoc-law.org.uk]. This means that the part time bonus should be in proportion to the hours.   Ã‚  For example if a full time worker gets a  £1000 bonus, a part time worker working half the number of hours should get  £500. The employer should set the same working hours for enhanced overtime pay as for full timers. So the part timer might not get overtime pay until he/she has worked more than the normal hours of a full-time worker [eoc-law.org.uk]. Pension opportunities and benefits Employers should not discriminate between full-time and part-time workers over access to pension schemes [eoc-law.org.uk]. Other company benefits (such as company cars, employee discounts, and health insurance) should be given pro rata if possible. If this is not possible then the employer will have to decide whether or not to offer the benefit to everybody. Training and career development Part-time workers mustnt be excluded from training and career development opportunities [compactlaw.co.uk]. Training must be organised at times that suit most workers, including part-timers. Holidays All workers have the right to a minimum amount of annual holiday   [compactlaw.co.uk]. Many employers give more than the statutory minimum amount of holiday. Under the regulations part-timers should be treated no less favourably; this normally means that a part time worker will get a pro rata proportion of what the full-time workers get.   The employer should not round down the number of days given, because this would be unfavourable treatment, but fractions of a day might be given as hours. Sick pay, maternity, adoption and paternity leave and pay Part-timers are entitled to the same rights to sick pay and maternity, paternity and adoption leave and pay, and parental leave as full-time staff. If companies give more than the statutory entitlement, part-timers must also get these contractual benefits [compactlaw.co.uk]. Selection for promotion and transfer, or for redundancy Being part-time cant be used as a reason for selection for transfer or redundancy, or refusing a promotion, unless it can be justified objectively [eoc-law.org.uk].   A part-timer who meets the promotion requirements have the right to be promoted. A part –timer who is transferred to the hardship areas should also get the same hardship allowances as a full-timer. Flexibility in working Its important to balance your work and home life. The right to ask for flexible working aims to help employers and workers agree on work patterns that suit everyone [compactlaw.co.uk]. Any working pattern adapted to suit one’s needs. Common types of flexible working are: Part-time: this is where one works less than the normal hours, perhaps by working fewer days per week. For example, if there are forty normal working hours in five days a week, one may choose to work for three days a week. This means that the part-timer will work for twenty four hours weekly. Flexi-time: in this case, one works at his/her convenient time. There is usually a core period during which one has to work. For example one can decide to do his/her duties in the night while another person prefers to work during the day. Annualised hours: your hours are worked out over a year (often set shifts with you deciding when to work the other hours). Compressed hours: working your agreed hours over fewer days Staggered hours: different starting, break and finishing times for employees in the same workplace. Job sharing: sharing a job designed for one person with someone else Home working: working from home   Effectiveness of part time workers regulations 2000 a) When reorganising workloads employers [direct.gov.uk] must be careful to ensure that part-time workers are not treated less favourably than full-time workers, unless the employer can justify the different treatment on objective grounds. This will mean for example, making a wider range of job types open to part-timers, such as levels of management. Part-timers should be given equal opportunity to seek promotion whether the post is full-time or part-time. The Department of Trade Industry recommend as best practice that employers periodically review whether posts they are offering could be performed by part-time workers and seek to maximise the range of posts designated as suitable for part-time work or job-sharing. b) Employers need to ensure that part-time staff are not excluded from profit sharing or share option schemes as such exclusion will be unlawful [direct.gov.uk]. However, if the exclusion can be objectively justified then it may be permissible, e.g. where a pro rata entitlement to share options by part-time staff would mean their share options would be so small as to be worthless, as it would cost more to realize the shares. c) Part-timers should have the same access to occupational pension schemes as full-timers, unless exclusion can be justified on objective grounds [direct.gov.uk]. d) It is no longer acceptable to choose to make part-time workers redundant before full-time workers. This would be unlawful under the Regulations and might also amount to sex discrimination if the majority of the part-time workers were women. The criteria for selecting jobs for redundancy must be objectively justified and not cause less favourable treatment between full-timers and part-timers [direct.gov.uk]. e) As far as perks such as health insurance, staff discounts, company cars and subsidized mortgages are concerned it may not be possible to divide these on a pro rata basis for part-timers and in that case an employer can decide whether or not to withhold these benefits from part-timers, but their decision must be capable of justification on objective grounds. If ways can be found to provide the perks then they should be provided [direct.gov.uk]. For example, in the case of a company car for full-timers an employer might calculate the financial value of this perk and give that value to a part-timer pro rata by other means such as a car allowance. f) Although there is no legal right for a worker to be able to change their hours of work the employment tribunals have in the past made rulings that where women returning from maternity leave are refused part-time hours that this could amount to indirect sex discrimination. As such employers must be sensitive to requests to work part-time and look at such requests sympathetically. Employers should consider establishing written procedures for considering requests by workers to change their hours [direct.gov.uk]. Conclusion The part time workers regulation 2000 has been effective in so far as it meets the purpose of this law which was to prevent part time workers from less favourable treatment has been achieved [direct.gov.uk]. It has facilitated the elimination of part time workers discrimination. It has also helped to improve the quality of part time work. It has also facilitated the development of part time work on a voluntary basis where the worker is allowed to make choice on the working time convenient for him/her. This law has also contributed to the flexible organization of working time in a manner which takes into account the needs of employers and workers. The law has also ensured that there is an agreement between the employer and the employee on various issues. These issues [direct.gov.uk] include: How the hours of work will be divided Communication strategy to be put in place Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each employee Continuity strategy to be put in place Review arrangements to be put in place. Part time workers in this country will therefore have a reason to work in an environment of increased security, both of personal rights and freedoms, and those related to employment. Works Cited Advantages of claiming under the Part-Time Workers Regulations http://www.eoc-law.org.uk/Default.aspx?page=2676 [Cited: 19 July 2007]    Amendments To The Part-Time Workers (Prevention Of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 http://www.dti.gov.uk/employment/workandfamilies/part-time/page19035.html [Crown copyright 2007]    Council Directive 97/81/EC of 15 December 1997 concerning the Framework Agreement on parttime working concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC. [ See amending acts ] http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/cha/c10416.htm    Equal Opportunities Commision.   http://www.eoc.org.uk/default.aspx?page=15286 [Cited: 12 June 2007] Flexible working and work-life balance: an introduction http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/WorkingHoursAndTimeOff/DG_10029491    Key Skills Development Through Part-Time Voluntary Work http://www.corporate.hull.ac.uk/cgi-bin/iiabf?ii_app=modcatprocname=displaymodulecrse_cd=01997acdmc_sssn_cd=04/05    Part-time work. http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/EmploymentContractsAndConditions/DG_10027738    Part-time Employment http://www.icn.ch/pspart-time00.htm [Cited: 2000] Steps for introducing part time and job share arrangements http://www.cpe.sa.gov.au/policy.asp?a=viewid=15572view_id=15615o=idL1=854idL2=69idL3=idL4=       The Part-Time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 http://www.compactlaw.co.uk/free_legal_articles/part_time_workers_regs_2000.html    Why I Started a Virtual Company http://members.aol.com/nancyds/ess-telecom.html

Steve Jobs: Leadership Style Theories

Steve Jobs: Leadership Style Theories Executive summary: A pioneer is a person who is perceived to lead an exertion, nobody can be a pioneer without devotees , administration can be plot by an energy of position that an individual holds in a gathering, with that power he or she gets an opportunity to exercise on affecting the individuals from gathering by controlling their endeavours for accomplishment of a specific objective. The pioneer is at the point of convergence of get-together vitality structure, keeps the assembling, inserts life into it, moves it towards its goals and keeps up its compel. Here, Discussing about administration style ,hypotheses , methodologies of Steve occupations who was (CEO and Co-originator ) of Macintosh Inc which was established by Steve employments ,Ronald wayne and Steve Wozniac in 1976. Wayne didnt remained with them for long and left Apple by deserting Steve occupations and Wozniak as its primary authors. To raise subsidizing for their wander Steve occupations sold his Volkswagen and Wozniac sold his logical number cruncher. On Apples first day of open exchanging its market esteem achieved 1.2 billion. Steve employments surrendered from Apple as CEO in 1985 to take after his very own advantages, then he began another equipment and programming organization named NEXT Inc. he additionally put resources into a movement organization Pixar Animation Studios. In 1997 Mac acquired occupations possessed organization NEXT and selected him again as CEO. Being a CEO in Apple and with his administration style, skills and application of his creative abilities to innovation and business he changed in individualized computing, music, phones, tablet figuring and retail location industry. His touchiness and restlessness were necessary piece of his perfection and devotion toward his employment. He was extremely engaged and put stock in straightforwardness, responsibility and advancement were among in his administration qualities, he never bargained with quality and never contemplated simply making benefits , he generally centred more around items rather then cost or benefits. He was harsh at individuals since he needed outcomes. With his leadership capacities he took Apples worth incentive to $10.2 billion at the season of his demise on oct. 5 2011. In this report initiative speculations are connected with Steve employments authority style in light of his administration challenges confronted there amid his residency as a CEO at Macintosh an d contemporary issues of authority and their pertinence with Steve occupations authority style Introduction: Leadership is an act and behaviour of an individual person who directs the activities of a group toward the attainment of a common or shared goal (Hemphill and coons, 1957) A leader is an individual who is recognised to lead an effort, no one can be a leader without followers , leadership can be outlined by a power of position that an individual holds in a group, with that power he or she gets an opputunity to workout on influencing the members of group by guiding their efforts for achievement of a certain goal. The pioneer is at the focal point of gathering energy structure, keeps the gathering together, implants life into it, moves it towards its objectives and keeps up its force. Here, Discussing about leadership style ,theories , approaches of Steve jobs who was (CEO and Co-founder ) of apple Inc which was founded by Steve jobs ,Ronald wayne and Steve Wozniac in 1976. Wayne didnt stayed with them for long and left Apple by leaving behind Steve jobs and Wozniac as its main founders. To raise funding for their venture Steve jobs sold his volkswagon and Wozniac sold his scientific calculator. On Apples first day of public trading its maket value reached 1.2 billion. Steve jobs resigned from Apple as CEO in 1985 to follow his own personal interests, then he started a new hardware and software company named NEXT Inc. he also invested in a animation company Pixar Animation Studios. In 1997 apple purchased jobs owned company NEXT and appointed him again as CEO and from that time he worked for Apple for a salary of $1 a year. Being a CEO in Apple and with his leadership style,skills and apllication of his imaginations to technology and business he revolutionised in personal computing, music, phones,tablet computing and retail store industry. His moodiness and impatience were integral part of his perftion and dedication toward his job. He was very focused and believed in simplicity, reasponsibility and innovation were among in his leadership qualities, he never compromised with quality and never thought about just making profits , he always focused more on products rather then cost or profits. He was rough at people because he wanted results. With his leadershio abilities he took Apples worth value to $10.2 billion at the time of his death on oct. 5 2011. In this report leadership theories are linked with steve jobs leadership style based on his leadership challenges faced there during his tenure as a CEO at apple and contemporary issues of leadership and their relevance with steve jobs leadership style . Trait theory: Attribute construct speculations focussed with respect to breaking down physical and identity normal for people keeping in mind the end goal to increase comprehension of the mix of characteristics that are basic among pioneers. Fundamentally pioneers were conceived and authority is craftsmanship. These hypotheses were impacted by Extraordinary Man Theory which contended that powerful authority is overwhelmed by individual identity qualities (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010 , p.599). For instance, qualities, for example, knowledge, self-assurance, drive, awareness of others expectations, chance taking and different qualities makes an individual a decent pioneer. The fundamental speaciaslist of quality based hypotheses is that it overlooks the effect of the circumstance. The hypothesis it expect that there is an unequivocal arrangement of qualities that makes a pioneer powerful in all circumstances, i.e. , same arrangement of attributes would work in military setting and in addition in a production line setting. This prompted later research which stressed that compelling authority emerges from conduct and it includes cooperation with other individuals. The authority of Steve Jobs has a tendency to legitimize characteristic administration hypothesis. Quality hypothesis holds that pioneers close to home attributes are the way to achievement (Crawford, Brungardt and Maughan, 2009). Steve Jobs can be seen from his identity, social, physical or scholarly characteristics. Such qualities as Zaccaro, (2007) battles can without much of a stretch separate him from other non-pioneers. Steve Jobs had a considerable measure of aspiration and vitality. Growing up, Steve Jobs gained from his dad who acquainted him with gadgets at a youthful age. At the point when Apple 1 PC was uncovered in 1976, he rapidly sold his Volkswagen to raise reserves for the organization. He additionally offered his carport to be utilized as the organization premises. This Per Northouse (2013), indicate s out desire and vitality. Steve Job emerges as a man who is extremely smart. He concentrated the market and rapidly conveyed join Scully on board to help him in running the organization. Around then, John Scully supported in changing the organizations technique to make feasible for the organization to rival IBM and another PCs. Steve Jobs likewise emerges as a pioneer who was extremely definitive as Fleenor, (2006) depicts. When he moves back to Apple in 1997 in the wake of being terminated in 1995, he rolled out brisk improvements that made the organization the market pioneer. Steve Jobs likewise had the administration attributes of vision and foreknowledge. At the point when the organization began in 1976, he predicted better execution and rushed to raise assets to guarantee that the organization moved into the correct training. Behavioural theory: Contrasted with Trait hypothesis, Behavioral hypothesis takes a gander at initiative from the point of view of a pioneers conduct instead of choosing pioneers in light of their identity qualities. This hypothesis recommended that authority can be learnt and everybody is fit for turning into a pioneer. Distinctive examples of initiative conduct or styles were distinguished. In any case, they all can be extensively gathered under the two initiative styles: Legitimate Style; In this style, pioneers force choice and propel supporters by prizes or danger. They dont totally trust adherents and concentrate is on tight control of errand finishing. Participative Style; In this style, pioneers impart basic leadership to others. Concentrate is on assignment and pioneers have finish trust and trust in the devotees for getting the errand finished. The primary faultfinder of behavioural hypothesis is that it overlooks the setting in which these diverse authority style are utilized. The styles that pioneers embrace can be influenced by the earth they are working inside, and those they are working with. Be that as it may, notwithstanding this confinement, behavioural hypothesis can at present give helpful knowledge on how we comprehend authority. Behavioral speculations have a tendency to separate practices that disengage impact pioneers from non-successful pioneers. The hypothesis holds that authority is appeared by a mans demonstration and not his characteristics (Crawford, Brungardt and Maughan, 2009). As Amanchukwu et al. (2017) battle, Steve Jobs administration style can likewise fit exceptionally well into behavioral hypothesis. As far as this Steve Jobs turned out as a pioneer who confided in other individuals and had respect for their inclination. For example, he brought John Scully into the organization and permitted him to roll out improvements that saw the past higher valuing by Steve Jobs changed to low evaluating system which was intended to build request and rival different players in the business. Notwithstanding, regardless of the way that the quantity of representatives is recorded to have developed to 4000 amid his time, Steve Jobs emerges as a pioneer who was more item situated as Dugan, (2016) keeps up. Hi s conduct was more worried with seeing Apple develop as a brand and when gotten some information about his proudest achievement, he generally alluded to the arrangement of the Apple Company. Steve Jobs was more worried about the item and championed for IPO that saw the organization open up to the world to expand stores for the organization. Upon his arrival to the organization, he made a pile of measures that were more focused on Apple as an item and not the workers. He suspended certain items, made the working framework open source, and built up a site to support guide exchanging and even outsourced assembling to Taiwan. Every one of the progressions were item situated in light of non-having the general population. Truth be told, outsourcing assembling to Taiwan had the unsafe impact of pushing certain representatives out of the employment showcase. Steve Jobs as a Transformational Leader : Transformational pioneers are charming, vision situated, empowering scholarly advancement of their supporters, moving and spurring to more elevated amounts of adequacy. The perspectives that firmly guarantee that Steve Jobs initiative hints at transformational administration is his charming identity. As indicated by Rakesh Khurana (2002) Steve Jobs, the New Age wunderkind of Apple adored for his achievement in acquainting individuals with the PC that could ensure our opportunity (Khurana, 2002). As Steve Wozniak, the prime supporter with Jobs of the Apple, shortly noted he can simply love seat things in the correct words . Steve Job is depicted as absolute entirety of Apple. (Patterson, 1985) What was visionary about Jobs approach where he most likely included esteem was his zealous enthusiasm to show individuals the future capability of the item. With this vision as prescience has made Jobs be named the extremely valuable proselytizer. (Uttal, 1985) Cocks (1983) contends that Apples fellow benefactor, Steve Wozniak, intensely expressed that Jobs did not comprehend PCs, and the real outline of the machine has been broadly credited to Wozniak. In any case, as Wozniak likewise stated, it never entered my thoughts to offer PCs. It was Steve who said Lets hold them undetermined and offer a couple. It was Jobs who demanded that the PC be light and trim, all around planned in quieted colou Occupations in like manner pushed his specialists to make machines that wont panic away a touchy customer base. (Cocks, 1983) Butcher (1988) contends that Jobs a fussbudget, and as the association, numerous in Apple encountered this as narrow mindedness and self-ingestion. Steve Hawkins a representative said Employments such a stickler, to the point that individuals can never satisfy him, his extremely eager, practically to the point of autocracy.(Butcher, 1988) Transformational authority is about empowering development, realizing an adjustment in the reasoning of its adherents and being visionary in executing change in the association execution. Steve Jobs as a transformational pioneer is found in his endeavours to convey imaginative computerized innovation to mass purchaser so they can open their wallet ( Deutschman, 2001). Confirmation of Steve Jobs vision in making advancement open was Mac is focused on conveying the best individualized computing knowledge to understudies, instructors, inventive experts and customers around the globe through its creative equipment, programming and Internet offerings (Young, 2005) Regarding inspiration and motivating representatives to give their best of execution is a normal for transformational initiative. Proof of Steve Jobs spurring and motivating his representatives is when Job when first discussed any new thought to his representatives not everybody thought it to be an effective item likewise now and again the workers were not enthused about taking a shot at such new thoughts. Be that as it may Occupations alongside his workers could change over the imaginative thoughts into an innovation which changed the way advanced innovation is utilized today. Regardless of whether it is the Macintosh PC or the recently propelled iPad or iPhone. It was Jobs initiative which roused and motivated and Apple made the frameworks and structures that could change over information into a significant item. Work challenge connects with his representatives to achieve almost outlandish goals (Bryant, 2003) (MCB UP Ltd, 2002). Work utilized moving addresses to keep his representatives propelled and pass on his creative thoughts to them (Harvey, 2001) Butcher (1989) argues with a proof by Steve Hawkins, worker of Apple puts it that the vast majority of the general population werent sufficient for him and would truly be in a condition of stun after experiences with Steve. Additionally, Steve was exceptionally goal-oriented alongside fussbudget and that brought about a great deal of issue with good. Youthful (2005) includes that Macintosh workers were pushed to the best of their ability and execution and associations with Steve were the ones which the vast majority of the representatives dreaded. As per Peter Elkind (2008) Steve work has clashing practices and he frequently had his subordinates to tears and in his irate temper he terminates the representatives. But then the top administration has worked with him for quite a long time and they give credit Jobs for the best employment they at any point did was just with him. (Elkind, 2008) Steve Job in a meeting expressed that he has truly able individuals and his occupation is to make the entire of his official group sufficient to be successors, so that is what hes attempting to do, to push them he has forceful dreams (Morris, 2008). As an Evidence the exchange of Steve employment with Morris (2008) reveals insight to the feedback made by specialists Steidlmeier (1999); Yukl (1999) about the transformational authority style in the writing audit and Steves transformational administration style demonstrates the exploitative or unmoral measurements of transformational initiative style. Likewise, Steve occupations communications are restricted to the top administration and he expresses that his employment is to work with kind of the main 100 individuals, among the 20000 individuals at Apple. This demonstrates his connections are not firmly related with the dominant part of his workers. (Morris, 2008) Steve Jobs as a Transactional Leader : Notwithstanding the above contentions about the authority style of Steve Job. Bryant (2003) is of view that Job showed a mix of transformational and value-based initiative style and this helped him achievement in Apple. As indicated by Bryant (2003) Job when gone to the Xerox Parc and he took a dream of how future PCs ought to work. Whats more, he made his representatives make the frameworks and structures in his organization Apple where information was changed over into profitable items e.g. the Macintosh PC. The transformational administration style was utilized as a part of his vision to change the way PC will be worked in future and value-based initiative style was utilized when he fused his vision into reality by making the items with the assistance of his representatives. In a meeting with Morris (2008) Steve discusses his part in the organization is to enrol in the meantime concentrate on its technique and deal with the entire business from various offices and individuals of the organization and this is a qualities of a value-based initiative style. Hersey Blanchard situational hypothesis connected to Steve Jobs: Steve Jobs administration style is more dependent on his adherents abilities and capacities. The Hersey Blanchard situational hypothesis demonstrate accentuation on coordinating a style of initiative to the development of subordinates this relationship demonstrates the assurance of administration viability as specified in the writing survey. The way work leads and his style identifies with this hypothesis. The appointing style D4-S4 is obvious from Steve meet with Morris (2008) where he says that on the off chance that he has enlisted great individuals and they have potential he would give them a business and left them keep running all alone and when a smart thought comes, an aspect of my responsibilities is to move it around, simply observe what diverse individuals think, get individuals discussing it, get thoughts moving among that gathering of 100 individuals, get distinctive individuals together to investigate distinctive parts of it . The partaking style D3-S3 of Hersey Blanchard situational hypothesis is the place Jobs discusses the way he takes another thought to his workers is the earth of brilliance and how his employees are self-roused, he coaches them at first and moves them and after that the representatives astonish him over and over with the best of their execution (Gendron, 1989) Contemporary Leadership Issues of Global Leadership and Leadership Change : Control of the big and little: Contemporary leadership focus on each aspect whether its small or big as Steve jobs was conscious about every detail when he was at apple. he was very clear with the goals and made them true as he turned his imagination into reality. he always concentrated every small aspect of the apple devices even the boards as well which are visible but he wanted them simple. Products before profit: As modern leadership is more quality focused rather than cost, Steve jobs always wanted to make the product insanely great without worrying about the cost. He just wanted to make innovative products he motivated the employees of company to work great products without caring about profit and cost because everything was secondary for him, similar to jobs leadership style contemporary leadership is more focused about its products. Concentrating on what is critical: Pioneers should guarantee that an association does not dismiss its principle objective. Steve Jobs exhibited this with a pile of measures that were intended to guarantee that Apple developed to more prominent statures. His primary point was effectiveness and cost investment funds to expand piece of the overall industry and net revenues. This saw him outsource assembling to Taiwan and expelled littler providers in the chain. He additionally ceased certain items which maybe were not adding key favourable position to Apple. Recommendations: Simplify Employments goals for Zen straightforwardness radiated through when he wiped out the on/off catch on the iPod. The music player bit by bit shut down and killed, and afterward it flashed on again with only a swipe. Occupations needed to compose complex programming and push the cut off points of preparing energy to deal with every one of the directions that made the UI appear to be basic. Employments exceeded expectations at outlining moderate gadgets that softened obstructions up PC speeds. His frameworks could remain solitary or cooperate in an interconnected environment-like an iPod associated with a Mac associated with an iTunes store. Apple could oversee unfathomable measures of data through division of work among the frameworks. For instance, the Mac controlled framework organization while iTunes brought content from distributed storage, liberating the gadget to focus on playing the music. Afterward, Jobs set his sights on overhauling the cell phone. He would get a contenders telephone and rage the capacities were inconceivable and the address book was incomprehensible. His iPhone set another standard for cell phones, making them into scaled down PCs. The iPhones little touch screen was the experiment for the iPad, Apples tablet PC, and demonstrated there was a major market for minuscule portable PCs. Toward the finish of his vocation, Jobs reconsidered TVs with another route framework to get to any video content on the web. He cooked up approaches to make TV more individual. 2. Control the Experience Apple assumed full liability for the item from end-to-end. Each part of the equipment was examined precisely, from every segment to the general look. In like manner, he considered the client involvement in each line of code and every sales representative in the Apple stores. Employments fixation on the entire gadget mirrored his energy for flawlessness. He utilized his intense attractive identity to rouse thousands. Apples model of a shut and restrictive framework was steady with his controlling identity and set Apple apart from open-source contenders. 3. Advance Trailblazers change the diversion standards to rehash ventures. Employments saw individuals were copying CDs on their PCs from substance on-line. The Mac could oversee recordings and photographs however it couldnt record CDs. Occupations thought he had missed an open door in on-line amusement. However, he re-examined the idea and built up a biological community that changed media outlets with iTunes programming and the iTunes Store. He made it easy to purchase and oversee music from one site and store it on an iPod or PC. After the accomplishment of the iPod, Jobs made more leaps forward in working frameworks, handling and memory and after that made sense of how to add remote voice to make the iPhone. 4. Disregard Reality Employments capacity to push the inconceivable was called his Reality Distortion Field, after a scene of Star Trek in which outsiders make an option reality through sheer will. An early illustration was when Jobs was on the night move at Atari and pushed Steve Wozniak to make an amusement called Breakout. Woz said it would take months, however Jobs gazed at him and demanded he could do it in four days. Woz wound up doing it. Conclusion Steve Jobs was a decent business visionary with a ton of vision and aspiration. He could without much of a stretch fit into the qualities of best business people which portrays as the capacity to go out on a limb, tirelessness, prejudice for uncertainty et cetera. In any case, the focal topic that stems from his authority style is that he was more errand arranged. He had an enthusiasm for Apple, and every one of his systems were focused towards guaranteeing that it developed to more prominent statures. From the contextual investigations, its implied that pioneers who need to copy Steve Jobs must be prepared to apply distinctive authority styles. They should be creative to guarantee that they create winning items in the market to beat contenders. They additionally should be participative pioneers and get completely included in the exercises of the association. Such pioneers must be prepared to be transformational pioneers an aptitude that might be required in turning an ass ociation round to enhance execution. Without some of those qualities it is hard to pick up the trust of workers and guarantee that they guide the association towards the correct course. References   Ã‚   (2013, 4 19). what makes a good leader. coons, h. a. (1957). isaacson, w. (2012). the real leadership lessons of steve jobs. 94-102. kalla, s. (2012, 04 02). Retrieved from forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/susankalla/2012/04/02/10-leadership-tips-from-steve-jobs/#64a3545f667 Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015). Leadership. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. 2012, 04 06). leadership of steve jobs. (v. v. suvarna, Interviewer) macInerney, s. (2011, 107). Retrieved from http://www.executivestyle.com.au/steve-jobs-an-unconventional-leader-1lcmo. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice. Los Angeles [u.a.: SAGE. wolinski, s. (2010, 04 21). Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/blogs/leadership/2010/04/21/leadership-theories/. The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan | Analysis The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan | Analysis The characters in Joy Luck Club differ from â€Å"Chan is missing† characters by, the first by having gender differences, second (C.I.M) characters arent trying to form mother/daughter bonds and third a major culture clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds happens in Joy Luck Club; therefore, The novelist and director both focus on the same issues and problems that Asian Americans face, being the topic of Behavioral assimilation/acculturation and structural or socioeconomic assimilation but go about separate routes on about discussing the issues and problems. The first major difference between the characters of the Joy Luck Club and â€Å"Chan is missing† is the gender differences. The Joy Luck Club characters are all females and â€Å"Chan is missing characters are all males. The gender differences between the two is the (C.I.M) movie was a masculine Asian perspective of Asian American culture rather than the Joy Luck Clubs feminine perspective of Asian American culture which was through a womans eyes. In â€Å"Chan is missing† the story and setting was more nit and gritty had a cast of predominately males which I stated before. Who cussed, drank beer and did just macho things. The Joy Luck Club story and settings focus on women empowerment, forming bond and inter personal relationships which is all women stuff and which is feminist based. The movie â€Å"Chan is missing† was more concerned with male qualities of pride, honor and a typical male move of acting without thinking. The incident when they gave the money t o Chan without even knowing who he really was therefore was the bullheaded move which every male makes at one point in his life. Then the characters pride and honor got in the way which made them track Chans whereabouts, honor and pride which is as important to males but rather less as important to women. Another difference between Chan is missing and the Joy Luck Club is the Joy Luck Club had a lot of lifetime drama, daughters hating mothers and mother hating daughters a story concerned with peoples feelings. The Amy tan book dealt with a lot of family issues and interpersonal problems that the main characters suffered from which made their relationships with one another difficult. The plot of the book revolved around how the characters could improved their bonds and better understand one another. In â€Å"Chan is Missing† such things were irrelevant the two main characters were family but seem to have a friendship bond, there were no personal family issues or problems that plagued the two except for the fact they lost 4000 dollars. Jo and Steve pretty much understood each other pretty well as for the characters from Joy Luck Club who all didnt truly understand or know each other. The last but major difference between the two was the culture clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds which happened in Joy Luck Club. There were instances of a cultural clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds mentioned in â€Å"Chan is missing† but was explained more vividly in Joy Luck Club. The Joy Luck Club showed or told of how Asian American can be very family oriented and how Family is very important within the Asian American community. In Chan is missing the director did not discuss the aspects of how family oriented Asians are in the movie or how important it is like the Joy Luck Club did which was the whole theme of the story. The Joy Luck Club explained of why Asian parents tend to be very strict with their children, because most mainland Asian parents come from strict and traditional cultures. It is only the way they were taught in their culture and its used as the main upbringing of their Asian children. Asian American also prides themselves on respect and bei ng successful. They hold their respect very high with in the Asian American communities and it is a very important part of their culture. All these issues were the cause of the strife within the Joy Luck Club; the parents were very traditional sticking to the roots of their culture following every custom to the T. The Chan is missing movie did mention the issue of how most Asian immigrants refuse to assimilate and still continue to retain a Chinese mentality but the Joy club gave a greater example by describing the mothers actions and dialogue. The mothers of Joy Luck Club wanted their daughters to be Chinese and American But they worried that their daughters were rejecting their ambitions for them, not caring about Chinese traditions and hating their strange customs. This was truly causing a culture clash or conflict of cultural backgrounds between modernized new generations of Joy Luck Club against the traditional characters. In â€Å"Chan is missing† there was more of a fo cus of how important it is for Asian Americans to strive to be successful in America. It went in more detail then the Joy Luck Club which only gave examples through the Waverley character. In certain events throughout the movie a few characters in (C.I.M) stated or assumed that Chan ran away because he was ashamed of how much a failure he was having had come to the U.S and obtained very little. They made it seem in the movie that it is an obligation for Asian Americans to be successful in life or they would bring dishonor to themselves and their families. By watching certain scenes in (C.I.M) emphasized how important it is for Asian Americans to be successful at whatever they do and failure is considered a taboo in Asian culture. These subjects are what set (C.I.M) and The Joy Luck Club apart from each other both discussed the same issues within Asian American culture but one or the other went in more detail about the subjects which caused major differences. Amy Tan and Wayne Wang both focused on the same issue and problem within Asian Americans culture which is the problem of assimilation and its different variations, being Behavioral assimilation, structural assimilation, socioeconomic assimilation and also the problems created behind assimilation. Behavioral assimilation occurs when a newcomer absorbs the cultural norms, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of the host society. This may also involve learning English and/or becoming an American citizen examples were shown throughout the film (C.I.M) when then Jo sat down and talked to the English language teacher. Within this process, Asian Americans may choose to retain much of their traditional Asian culture, norms, and behaviors while still acquiring those of mainstream American society â€Å"still thinking Chinese† term used in (C.I.M), or to discard his/her traditional forms of Asian culture entirely in favor of complete immersion and identification within American societ y. The second and third type of assimilation is structural and socioeconomic assimilation, referring to when Asian Americans enter and become integrated into the economic, social, political and cultural institutions of the American society i.e., using the members of Joy Luck Club who had a lawyer, a writer and looking at other Asian who obtain well to do jobs becoming full members of American society. Simply referring to when they attain socioeconomic status usually in the form of high incomes, great occupations, suburban residency, paying taxes and so on causing them to be equal to other members of mainstream American society. All Asian American at some point come to The U.S to socioeconomically assimilate for themselves or their children with the goal of attain a great future, to do that they will have to adapt by assimilating to the culture in which they or their family have migrated to. Some assimilate very quickly while others assimilate very slowly sometimes following a less prosperous path and assimilating into the underclass or working really hard towards being in the upper-class. While other choosing not at all to assimilate becoming members within tight-knit immigrant communities. These different kinds of assimilators are what sometimes lead to cultural clashes and problems within Asian communities. The main problems is of immigrant Asians or Asian Americans â€Å"finding their identities† and the misunderstanding of traditional Asian and (A.B) American born Asian. I forgot to mention The process of undergoing either behavioral, structural, socioeconomic assimilation can occur over time and over the succession of generations leading to increasing economic, cultural, political, and residential integration into American society which happened to the younger members of Joy Luck Club. Or it can happen in a non-linear, circular, or bumpy manner in which Asian Americans revive or retain old cultural traditions, norms, and behaviors and choose to re main somewhat isolated from mainstream American society (older members of Joy Luck Club) or alternatively, to combine elements of both traditional Asian although they may modify old traditions and values to fit their contemporary circumstances and mainstream American culture seen throughout â€Å"Chan is missing†. In the Joy Luck Club and Chan is missing Movie â€Å"finding their identities† and the misunderstanding of traditional Asian and (A.B) American born Asian was all from the problems of assimilation. The behavioral assimilation case throughout the Joy Luck Club was of the mothers who didnt assimilate retaining old cultural traditions and being strict towards their daughters; therefore the daughters who did assimilate and were very Americanized causing a major culture conflict. The socioeconomic and structural assimilation accrued when the mother pushed their daughters to be what their culture expected of them to be which was successful be it being a piano playe rs, doctor, or lawyer. This caused a lot of misunderstanding between the two groups causing each other to doubt and to truly look into understanding each other and themselves â€Å"finding their identities†. In Chan is missing they gave the assumptions that Chan fled because he could not or did not do well enough to socioeconomically assimilate and to behavioral assimilate in American society. He failed to socioeconomically assimilate because he was unable to obtain the wealth he thought he would achieve in America that he had back home, his wife considered him a failure and several characters concurred with that fact. The behavioral assimilation was the most talked about topic, the phrase â€Å"thinking Chinese† came up several times which made me recall several incidents that related to behavioral assimilations. The scene when Jo and Steve were in the cafà © talking to the lady about Chans accident and how it was a lack of communication made references of how it was a cultural difference. The language teacher and the insurance agent that sponsored Chan made reference of how some Chinese still held on to their mainland beliefs which got in the way of them assimilating and becoming successful, that they were â€Å"Thinking Chinese†. The political feud between the PCR and Taiwan nationalist paraders is an example of how some Asians still held on to their cultural political traditions rather than embrace their new American ones which caused a lot of problems in the Asian community. Those incidents were all example of Chan not really being able to behavioral assimilate, causing Chan to probably search within himself and â€Å"find his identity† stated by Jo in the movie. There were also dialogues of the younger character Steve having misunderstandings between Chan which were caused by culture differences having different sets of humor because they came from different cultural backgrounds. The Behavioral assimilation, structural assimi lation, and socioeconomic assimilation between Asian American society and culture were the main focus within the movie and story; they were linked together through the issues of the sometimes misunderstanding of peoples who take different approach towards assimilating and the problems which causes a person to rethink their cultural identities. Standard Model of Cosmology: Overview and Analysis Standard Model of Cosmology: Overview and Analysis SYNOPSIS Since Hubble discovered the Universe expansion, cosmologists had been expecting the expansion would slow down due to the attractive force of gravity. However, in 1998, two independent teams of scientists studied the distant Type I supernovae (SNe) and soon realised that SNe were moving away from us more quickly than was originally thought. This revealed that the expansion of our universe is indeed accelerating. What could be the underlying cause of this accelerated expansion? Cosmologists provoked the term ‘dark energy’ to describe this phenomenon. In order to understand what dark energy is, different approaches are being undertaken in an attempt to explain this strange phenomenon: some cosmologists predicted that there must be some kind of ‘antigravity’ effect which we haven’t yet understood; some stated our understanding of Einstein’s theory of General Relativity could be wrong and a more complete theory of gravity should be implied. In this review paper, we start by having an overview of standard model of cosmology since it attempted to explain the current status of the universe and its evolution over time. This leads us to review of the simplest approach in dark energy—cosmological constant followed by a number of theoretical models that give different ideas towards understanding the nature of dark energy. In particular, we introduce the idea of vacuum energy and summarise Quintessence model as one of the modified gravity approach and f(R) gravity model as one of the unmodified gravity approach and their merits. Furthermore, we look at observational evidences for accelerated expansion and what they have revealed about dark energy. These include distant Type Ia supernovae, the measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). We then describe in details of the key observational probes of dark energy such as weak gravitational lensing in addition to SNe and B AO. In the conclusion part, we address the future of dark energy by summarising couples of major projects that will be used to probe the history of the universe’s expansion, these includes Dark Energy Survey (DES) and Euclid Satellite. Finally, we come to an open discussion to remark the progress of dark energy would potentially made in the future by considering the two fundamental questions of accelerated expansion: does theory of General Relativity remain on the cosmological scale? And, is dark energy something else or none other than what we think it is? Overall, our goal for this review is to give a broader picture on the universe’s accelerated expansion and trying to understand the mystery of dark energy from varying observational techniques. Chapter 1: Brief review of Cosmology Before getting to understand the nature of dark energy, we first start from basic cosmology. In this chapter, we focus on the expansion history of the universe by referring to the standard model of cosmology and the future of the universe. At the end, we relate Einstein’s ‘biggest blunder’ to accelerated expansion hence bring out the first candidate of dark energy. 1.1 Standard Model of Cosmology Dark energy has been one of the biggest mysteries of the universe over ten years long and surprisingly, it counts for ~68% of the universe’s composition where ~27% belongs to a ‘missing mass’ that so-called dark matter which currently believed to be composed of completely new elementary particle. The rest 5% is something we know so far—Baryons matter, that is the ordinary matter that composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. These are all predicted within the framework of Standard model of Cosmology, also known as the Lambda Cold Dark Matter cosmological model (ΛCDM). Cosmologists have not yet come up an agreement on what the standard cosmological model is, but they have successfully used the observational pillars to propose the hypothesis of Hot Big Bang. Some key ones include: Universe’s expansion; Big Bang Nucleosynthesis; the detection of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and the formation of large-scale structure. Universe’s expansion Recall the Doppler Effect which describes redshift z as: (1.1) where a is the scale factor whose present value is 1. The equation tell us that if light/sound receding from us, the wavelength would stretch out and being observed with larger wavelength than the emitted one. Apply this to the distant galaxies, if the universe is expanding implying the galaxies should be moving away from us, hence we would observe the light from the galaxies become reddening. Back in 1920s, Hubble studied the distant galaxies and found that they are receding from us. Remarkably, Hubble provided the first evidence of universe’s expansion. As Hubble Law describes: the distance between galaxies is d = ax where x is the fixed commoving distance. If there is no any commoving motion (i.e. ) and the relative velocity v is therefore given as where is called the Hubble constant. Thus, the relation suggests that velocity should increase linearly with distance. Figure 1.11 is the original Hubble Diagram that indicating this relationship. Figure 1.11 Hubble’s original diagram (1929). He plotted velocities of distant galaxies against distance and used the solid line as the best fit to the point which had been corrected for the Sun’s position. Nowadays, we can be running reverse of this expansion and trace the history of the universe back to nearly 14 billion years ago when everything squeezed together into an extremely hot and dense state. This is where the universe began as a violent explosion and ever since then, our universe keeps cooling and expanding in a very long process. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis When the universe was still very hot and dense, high energy photons would destroy any atom or nucleus leading no neutral atoms or bound nuclei exist. The production of Dark Matter is believed to occur around the time. As the universe expanded, universe’s temperature gradually decreased allowing Big Bang Nucleosynthesis take place. Light element such as helium and deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) started forming and our universe was thought to be radiation dominated at that stage. Cosmic Microwave Background When there was further drop down of temperature, electrons and protons are available to combine to form hydrogen atom. Since the energy density of relativistic particle decreases quickly it was overtook by that of the non-relativistic matter i.e. baryons and dark matter, the universe was entered a matter-dominated epoch. From then, the universe became transparent and radiation travelled freely in the universe and eventually reached us after over ten billion years. This is what we called the cosmic background radiation. They are believed to be the oldest light in the universe and bring us back to a very early stage of the universe. As well as being a strong evidence of Big Bang model, CMB also plays an important role for probing the dark energy. We will spend reasonable amount of time in this review discuss more details on how CMB point to the existence of dark energy and different missions that launched to map CMB in greater details. Formation of Large-Scale Structure Several hundred million years after Big Bang, the temperature of the universe had fallen down to some extent, dust gas started collapsing under gravitational attraction, galaxies and clusters were finally formed in the matter-dominated epoch. After all, it seems that the Hot Big Bang model has been well developed as a scientifically testable theory and the observational datasets gave us considerable confidence to see it as the most potential model to predict the history of our universe. However, there are still some difficulties with this standard cosmological model. For example, the horizon problem the flatness problem and the famous antimatter problem. In modern cosmology, both of the horizon problem and isotropy problem are explained by era of inflation which is introduced into the timeline prior to the radiation-dominated epoch of the universe. The idea of inflation was within a second right after the explosion, the universe underwent a very rapid inflation. As a result, the universe increased its size by a super huge factor and completely smoothed out, left it with our current status—homogeneity and isotropy. This is exactly what The Cosmological Principle state: the universe on large scales is homogeneous and isotropic. To summarise the main consequences of the Big Bang model, Figure 1.12 present the overview of the history of the universe and how the dominant component of the universe change over time. Figure 1.12 the evolution of the universe and any epoch associated with time and density. (Pearson Education 2011) From Figure 1.12, we notice that at the earliest stage in the universe, radiation dominated, as the universe expanded and temperature dropped down, matter overtook radiation, universe was then matter dominated. At relatively recent times, radiation density and matter density have decrease so much, dark energy whole density remain relatively constant with time took over and dominated the universe. Our current era is believed to be dark energy dominated. 1.2 The Fate of the Universe We know from the last section that the universe most probably started by Big Bang and it keep expanding ever since then. Our next question is straightforward: What will the universe end up with? This is determined by the interplay of the gravitational attraction of mass in the universe and the repulsive effect of dark energy. Consider the universe is expanding causing the galaxies to move further away from each other. However, gravitational attraction between these galaxies works against the expansion to slow it down. Whether gravity or expansion to take over would depend on the density of the universe. Here the critical density is defined as (2) The density parameter à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ is therefore expressed as (3) where The fraction of the matter energy density in terms of critical density is: (4) Similarly, the fraction of the dark energy density in the critical density is: (5) Note that both of the present-day density and critical density would change with time, thus their values at the present time are used in this definition. If , (curvature term k = 0), this is a special intermediate case where the universe is thought to be flat and it will continue to expand in a slow rate under gravity, but it will never turn around; if , (curvature term k = +1), the universe will expand to its maximum size and collapse in a ‘Big Crunch’ leading to a closed universe since the gravitational gravity is stronger than weak expansion; and if , (curvature term k = -1), ) this corresponds to an open universe where the universe will expand forever because the expansion is powerful enough that gravitational attraction will never pull them together again. Figure 1.21 summarise these three possibilities of the end of our universe. Figure 1.21 three possibilities of the fate of universe: open, close and flat universe. The line responsible for the accelerating universe will be discuss later.

Essay on Toms Escape in The Glass Menagerie -- Glass Menagerie essays

Tom's Escape in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚   In Tennessee Williams' play, The Glass Menagerie, each member of the Wingfield family has their own fantasy world in which they indulge themselves. Tom escaped temporarily from the fantasy world of Amanda and Laura by hanging out on the fire escape. Suffocating both emotionally and spiritually, Tom eventually sought a more permanent form of escape.    Tom supports his family despite his unhappiness of his world.   He tries to please Amanda by   being the sole supporter, but only gets rewarded by Amanda's constant nagging and suspicion.   Eventually Tom finds himself more like his father as he seeks adventure in the movies and hangs out on the fire escape he avoids suffocation, and desperately seeks the life he always desired; the life of adventure.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By hanging out on the fire escape, Tom finds a temporary safe haven from Amanda.   With Amanda nagging Tom about every minute action, like mastication, Tom needed to find somewhere to escape.   Perhaps, even more, the fire escape shows various things about Tom's personality.   Since Amanda and Laura have their illusionary worlds inside, Tom can easily escape these worlds by going out on the firescape.   He does not desire to be part of an imaginary world, which only proves to be the downfall of Amanda and Laura.   He realizes that the world is not what Amanda has made it seem inside the house.   Also, during his reflections on the firescape he is not really separating himself from the imaginary world because that metal frame is still anchored to the apartment wall.   This shows that no matter how hard Tom tries to escape he will always be 'bounded' to the apartment.   His emotional attachments to Laura would permantly k... ...s and it will be impossible for him to not disturb the nails.   He is suffocating in his own figurative coffin, but knows his escape will upset Amanda and Laura.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tom escaped from the fantasy world of Amanda and Laura by hanging out on the fire escape, even though he could never fully escape.   Unfortunately for Tom, his life was cramped like the coffin and he was slowly suffocating emotionally and spiritually.   Unhappy with the lifestyle he followed in the footsteps of his father, he searched for adventure, escaping the nagging of Amanda.      Works Cited and Consulted Bloom, Harold Ed. Modern Critical Views: Tennessee Williams. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Williams, Tennessee.   "The Glass Menagerie." The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer.   5th ed.   Boston:   Bedford/St. Martin's. 1999. pp.1865-1908.

Intertextual Exchange in Carmilla, Dracula and the Historian Essay exam

â€Å"Writers seldom duplicate their influential precursor(s); rather, they often work within a certain framework established by other writers or generic conventions, but vary aspects of it in significant ways.† (Clayton, 155). Sheridan Le Fanu’s, Carmilla, Bram Stoker’s, Dracula and Elizabeth Kostova’s, The Historian, clearly engage in this intertextual exchange, as evidenced by their use of narrative structure, striking character parallels and authors choice of language. Published in 1872, Le Fanu relates the story of Carmilla from a first person point of view, through four distinct perspectives. The first narrator, an unnamed assistant to Doctor Hesselius, prefaces the story as correspondence of scholarly interest between the Doctor and an â€Å"intelligent lady.† Introducing the story in this manner lays the initial framework for believability. The doctor’s academic interest signifies scientific validity; whereby, the woman’s intelligence implies rationality. Subsequently, Le Fanu presents the second narrator, the aforementioned young woman, Laura, who provides the bulk of the account to follow. Born in Styria, Laura is described as being of English descent, but having â€Å"never saw England† (87). Residing with her father and two governesses, she is socially isolated and motherless, with negligible paternal involvement. Laura epitomizes vampire literature’s prototypical victim. Moreover, foreshadowing her successors, Laura begins her strange tale with the words, â€Å"I am now going to tell you something so strange that it will require all your faith in my veracity to believe my story. It is not only true, nevertheless, but truth of which I have been an eye-witness† (91). Laura’s appeal to believability, based upon personal testimony, augmen... ...es her unconventional treatment. Second, Van Helsing is reminiscent of the occult expert, Doctor Hesselius. Both men engage in study of the supernatural as a hobby outside their medical profession. Finally, Van Helsing is a resonance of Baron Vordenburg. Like the Baron, Van Helsing places great value in his books and papers for knowledge of the supernatural; moreover, he is responsible for confirming Lucy’s undead state and educating the other men in how to stake her; and, it is Baron’s governing principles of the vampire which foreshadow Van Helsing’s characteristics of the enemy, Dracula (344). Works Cited Clayton, Jay, and Eric Rothstein, eds. Influence and Intertextuality in Literary History. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1991. Print. Williams, Ann, ed. Three Vampire Tales: Complete Texts with Introduction. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2003. Print.

The Role of the Informal Sector in the National Economy :: Economics

The Role of the Informal Sector in the National Economy MOZAMBIQUE Introduction ============ In an attempt to respond to the topic this essay will discuss the role of the informal sector in the Mozambican economy. For a better understanding of the topic some important definitions shall be given. For the purpose of this essay, the concept of economy can be defined as the science that deals with production and consumption of goods and services, the circulation of wealth and the redistribution of income. On the other hand, the concept of the informal sector was introduced into international usage in 1972 by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in its Kenya Mission Report. Though there is no consensus on the definition of the informal sector, coupled with the fact that in Mozambique the concept varies with the different periods of history, the following are the common characteristics of this sector as defined by ILO: (a) ease of entry; (b) reliance on indigenous resources; (c) family ownership; (d) small scale operations; (e) labor intensive and adaptive technology; (f) skills acquired outside of formal sector; (g) unregulated and competitive markets. Since that time, different authors and the ILO itself introduced many definitions. The ILO/ICFTU international symposium on the informal sector in 1999 proposed that informal sector workforce can be categorized into three broad groups: (a) owner-employers of micro enterprises, a few paid workers, with or without apprentices; (b) own-account workers, who own and operate one-person business, who work alone or with the help of unpaid workers, generally family members and apprentices; (c) dependent workers paid or unpaid, including wage workers in micro enterprises, unpaid family workers, apprentices, contract labor, home workers and paid domestic workers. (Santos in Dhemba; 1999) Mozambique Social Economic Situation ==================================== The signing of the peace agreement and the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Mozambique caused an impoverishment of the poor, especially in towns where the decline in purchasing power is most felt as it is harder to find alternative income to buy food. The liberalization of the market opened up the possibilities to import goods, however, the purchasing power of Mozambican citizens are still very low. There was a rise in the levels of unemployment as a result of the mass retrenchment originated by the implementation of the SAP policy. According to a World Bank study, and many other studies, unemployment is a strong indicator of economic crisis. In spite of all the measures taken by the Government to bring about economic and social development, this development was not percolating down to the masses fast enough. Due to the pervasive effects of the globalizing economy, population growth and urban migration, the active labor force was growing at a much faster rate than the availability of