Finance analysis of United Utilities and Bristol Water - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3452 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Title: A comparative financial analysis of United Utilities and Bristol Water to determine who is in the financially healthier position focusing on the interpretation of the figures (what they mean now and in the future) and interpretation (what they mean now and for the future) of key ratios applied. Financial Health Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Finance analysis of United Utilities and Bristol Water" essay for you Create order A companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial health is defined as the state of its finances at a particular time. It is measured by taking a snapshot of its assets and liabilities at one moment in time, usually at the end of a reporting period. . Financial statements ate the best indicators of financial health of a firm. Balance sheet is the financial summation of all activities performed by the company till date. Balance sheet analysis helps in understanding whether a company can wither durations of economic pressures. Balance sheet in conjunction with profit and loss statement gives a picture of how efficiently a firm is using its assets and how much returns it is generating for equity holders. Additionally, financial health relates not only to the past performance of the company but also to its ability to competitively sustain future profitability. Profit and loss statement shows how much a company earned in a period. Latest profit and loss statement indicates current profitability of operations. Assessing financial health is not just looking at absolute numbers. It is also about how much return a company generates on its capital, how efficiently it employs working capital. Cash statements are more of a confirmation of financial health signals obtained from above two analyses. It throws additional light on the quality of information in PL and balance sheet statements. Financial health of Bristol Water and United Utilities The first place to analyse financial health is a balance sheet of a company. Appendix I gives highlight of the Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s balance sheet. Its total fixed assets have increased significantly mainly due to  £47m investment in one of the group companies. The current assets have also increased by 39% leading to a 30% increasing in total assets. On the other hand, current liabilities have decreased and company had positive current assets as compared to negative current assets in the previous year. This shows that the liquidity of the company has increased and is a good sign of improving financial health. Long term liabilities have increased to finance investment in a group company. After paying dividends, the shareholders funds increased by  £3.8m. Increase in shareholders funds shows the healthy state of the company. In case of United Utilities, the total fixed assets have increased by more than 10% to  £7,958m. This growth is mainly driven by increase in tangible assets, an indicator of higher value of assets. Another sign of improvement in companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial health is the increase in its current assets and decrease in current liabilities. This has increased the current net assets, a sign of improving liquidity. The increase in net debts is more than countered by increase in assets and this reflects in massive improvement in shareholders funds at over 21%, which is higher than growth in Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shareholders funds. A higher shareholders fund indicates that United Utilities is in good financial health. Appendix II shows the highlight of last two profit and loss statements of Bristol Water and United Utilities. Bristol Water sales increased by just 1% to  £70.7m in 2004. The cost of sales also increased by 1% which means gross margin à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ratio of operating profit to sales has remained same. The earnings before tax decreased due to significant increase in interest in 2004. But this was countered by reduction in tax by about 60%. It resulted in profit after tax increased by 30% to  £11.5m in 2004. 30% increase in profits is a good signal of increasing profitability and value of the company. In case of United Utilities, its sales increased by 10% to  £2,115m in 2004. This increase is much more significant when we compare to 1% increase in case of Bristol Water and indicates that United Utilities growth is top driven. On the other hand, the cost of sales increased by just 8.9%, which is a good indicator of increasing profitability. Lower percent increase in costs as compared to sales means that additional sales were achieved at higher profits. The above two scenarios should have led to even higher % increase in earnings before interest had there not been a significant profit from the sale of operations in 2003. Also lower per cent increase in earnings before tax means percent increase in interest was higher than percent increase in earnings before interest and taxation. The profit after tax was  £361m in 2004. It increased by 30% due to exceptional  £85m tax charge in 2003. Overall both Bristol Water and United Utilities are profitable businesses. Profit after tax is what investors are looking for and both the companies increased it by 30%. While the increase in case of Bristol Waters was due to massive reduction in taxation, the growth was more sales driven in case of United Utilities. This indicates that profit after tax growth pattern is more sustainable in case of United Utilities as compared to Bristol Waters. Cash flow statements are the third part of financial health analysis. Appendix III gives the highlight of cash flow statements of the two companies. Both companies had positive net cash inflows from operations. The primary earnings of a company comes from its operations and if cash flows from operations itself are negative than a company has got very less chances of survival unless it turns the operation cash flows into positive. Cash flows from investment and financing are only secondary. A company that finances its operations and investments without external financing is in very strong financial health. Business performance measures Business performance is best measured by analyzing various financial ratios. Ratios allow companies to be compared on current versus past performance and also with different companies. By comparing its ratios to those of other businesses of the same size within the same industry, firms can better determine areas in which they are competitively advantaged or disadvantaged. Ratios present both the strengths and weaknesses of a business, but they are only indicators targeting areas that require further research. Operating profit margin Operating profit margin is the first and most primary indicator of companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance. All other indicators are dependent on other things which could be separated from basic business. Operating Profit Margin = Operating profit / Sales Appendix IV shows operating margin calculations. Both Bristol Water and United Utilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ operating profits margins have remained same over both the years and it is 27 % in both the cases. This is because both businesses are regulated by government and can only charge a certain amount for their services and products. It is clear from above that profits increase can mainly be achieved by increase in sales rather than by reduction in costs. The chances of higher organic growth are limited due to inelastic nature of water consumption. Companies can achieve substantial growth either by acquisitions or by diversifying into other businesses. Fixed asset turnover Higher fixed asset turnover indicates that a firm is making better use of its assets. Fixed asset turnover = Turnover / Fixed Asset Appendix V shows fixed asset turnover ratio of the two companies. Bristol Water is able to better employ its fixed assets by generating higher sales per unit of fixed assets. While United Utilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ fixed asset turnover has remained same, Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ratio has come down due to significant increase in investment in group companies. On the question of which of these two companies is able to generate higher operating margin per unit of fixed assets, we multiply fixed asset turnover and operating margin. Since operating margins of both companies are same and Bristol Water has higher fixed asset turnover ratio, Bristol Water has higher operating margin per unit of fixed assets. Bristol Water is in better financial health and will remain so because of its ability to generate higher operating margin per unit of fixed assets. Return on capital employed The most important ratio describing financial health of a firm is return on capital employed. Capital employed is the finance provided either as equity or debt net of cash. The income used for measuring is earning before interest and tax to take care of the funds provided by net debt. Return on capital employed = EBIT / (Shareholders funds + Net debt) Appendix VI shows return on capital for both the companies. Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROCE has decreased from 13.5% in 2003 to 9.3% in 2004. Unitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROCE has also decreased but only marginally from 9.4% to 9.0%. Significant drop in Bristolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROCE is because of massive increase in denominator. Net debts increased to  £140m from  £74m. The increase in net debt was not matched by the corresponding increase in earnings and hence ROCE decreased. Bristol Water is a more efficient user of capital even though the gap in ROCEs of Bristol Water and United Utilities is quite less now. Higher ROCE means that Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial health is better than that of United Utilities. If Bristol Water is able to generate higher earnings from its investments made in the last year, its ROCE will increase. Return on equity While return on capital employed shows how much firm earned, return on equity shows what is left for ordinary shareholders. Return on equity = Net income after minority and preference dividends / Average book equity, excluding minority and preference shares Appendix VI shows return on equity calculations. Preference shareholders are more like debt than ordinary shareholders. They have higher ranking than ordinary shareholders and get a fixed return. So we have excluded preference dividend from total earnings to obtain amount available to ordinary shareholders. Similarly we have also excluded minority interest from total shareholders to obtain equity shareholders funds. Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s return on equity at 17.6% is much higher than United Utilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ return on equity at 11.7%. Also Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROE increased significantly from 14.0% over the year. The use of lower interest rate preference shares has increased returns to ordinary shareholders. Dividend cover Dividend cover is expressed as ratio of profit after tax to dividend. Dividend Cover = Profit after tax / dividend Appendix VII shows dividend cover calculations. A company with higher dividend cover ratio is in better financial health as it can safely keep up dividend payments even if there is downward movement in income in future. Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial health, when viewed with respect to dividend cover has improved in the last year. In 2003, it paid dividend higher than its profit after tax meaning dividend was funded from previous profits. A company canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sustain that for long. Latest dividend cover of 1.52 means that Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s can easily pay dividends from its current earnings and hence it is better financial shape. United Utilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend cover ratio has also increased to 1.14. Though it is not as high as Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend cover ratio, it still indicates stable financial condition. Interest cover Interest cover is useful in assessing the survival of a business. Many business fail because of their inability to pay interests and debts. A higher interest cover means a business can easily meet its interest payments without facing financial distress. Interest cover = EBIT / Interest payable A ratio of less than 1 would mean that company is having problems in generating enough earnings to meet its interest payments. Appendix VIII shows interest cover calculations. Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest cover has decreased from 3.7 to 3.1 due to significant increase in interest costs. The company took  £70m of additional loans in the last year and this has increased interest costs. Bristolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest cover is higher than 2.4 interest cover in case of United Utilities. Bristolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest payments would probably increase next year when it will have to pay one year full interest on additional loan. Nonetheless both companies appear in good financial health with respect to their ability to pay interests in future. Cash flow interest cover Cash is the king. Lenders are interested in cash generating capacity of the business. Though earnings are a good measure of strength of a business, it is ultimately cash that counts during financial distress. Cash flow interest cover = Net cash inflow from operating activities / Interest payable Appendix VIII shows cash flow interest cover ratio. Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ash flow interest cover ratio at 5.2 is much higher than 3.7 in case of United Utilities. Though both companies generate high amount of cash to repay interest, Bristol Water is in superior financial health due to higher cover. Due to higher safety of margin, lenders would feel more comfortable in giving Bristol Water debt as compared to United Utilities. Cash from operations to net income ratio A companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality of earnings can be judged from the ratio of its operating cash flow to net income. Higher cash flow to net income ratio means indicates higher quality of earnings as accrual earnings carry a risk, howsoever insignificant. It also shows less use of accounting gimmicks in manipulation of earnings. Appendix IX shows net cash flow from operations to net income ratio. Both companies have high net cash flow from operations to net income ratio indicating the solid nature of earnings. Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s higher ratio at 2.96 means that it is in better financial health than United Utilities. Financing measures Trade debtor days It reflects how much of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital is blocked in running its operation. Clients take time to pay and the higher time they take, the more capital is required to finance operations. The company with lower trade debtor days is more efficiently using its working capital. Trade debtor days = Trade debtors / Sales * 365 Appendix X shows the trade debtor days for both companies. If we look at individual levels first, Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trade debtors days have increased by 27% while that of United Utilities have decreased by 8%. This means that Unitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management has reduced the capital required to run operations and it is a sign of improving financial health. But when we compare two companies, we find that United Utilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ trade debtor days are still higher than those of Bristol Waters. So though Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efficiency in working capital management has slipped in the last year, it is still better than that of United Utilities. Trade creditor days Trade creditor days represent on average how much time the company takes to pay its creditors. The higher the time a company takes the lesser capital it would need from its investors and would use creditorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ capital to finance its operations. Trade creditor days = Trade creditors / Sales * 365 Appendix X shows trade creditor calculations. Bristolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trade creditor days have decreased whereas Unitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trade creditor days have increased. This means that now United is funding more of its operations form the money owed to its creditors whereas Bristol is funding operations with more of shareholders money. When we look at both trade debtors and creditors, United has improved the efficiency of its working capital management whereas it has slipped in case of Bristol Water. Additionally, comparing absolute trade creditor and trade debtor days, it appears that the companies are converging. This is not unexpected given the regulatory control and mature state of the business. Structure of assets and claims Analysis of funding structure is almost equally important as analysis of performance. Funding structure will impact how much shareholders will obtain for each pound of total assets. Book gearing Book gearing measures how a firm funds itself or how much of each pound worth of asset is financed through debt or equity. Book gearing = Net debt / capital employed Appendix XI shows book gearing calculations. Almost two-thirds of Bristol Waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets are funded from debts whereas the figure is about half in case of United Utilities. Cost of debt is lower than cost of equity. The advantage of high gearing is that the company can obtain cheaper sources of capital and use financial leverage to increase share holders returns. The disadvantages occur when debt levels are very high and it may lead to bankruptcy due to a company not meeting debt covenants. It is difficult to judge what is the dangerous level of debt for a business. Looking at the characteristics of Bristol Water and United Utilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ business and there strong profit and cash generation ability, these companies can sustain higher levels of debt than normal businesses. Higher return on equity in case of Bristol Water is because of increase in profit and higher debt levels. So Bristol water is not only in financially good state, but also efficiently employing various sources of capital to generate higher returns for its shareholders. Current ratio A large factor determining a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial health is its liquidity. Liquidity is best measured by current ratio. Current liabilities are the immediate concern of any company and the higher liquidity of current assets makes it a perfect candidate to satisfy current liabilities. Current ratio = Current assets / current liabilities Appendix XII shows the current ratio. It is almost same in both the companies and also moved in tandem over the last year. Also increase in current ratio signifies better financial health of the companies. Any ratio more than 1 means that company can easily meet it current obligations without having to liquidate anything more than current assets. Acid or Quick ratio Acid test or quick ratio is a conservative approach towards current ratio. Inventory sale would normally be at lower than cost price and may not be as liquid as cash or short term investments. Acid test or quick ratio = (current assets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" inventory)/current liabilities Appendix XII shows acid ratio calculations. Because of the nature of business of Bristol Water and United Utilities, inventory is very less. So there is almost no difference between current ratio and acid ratio. Conclusion Both Bristol Water and United Utilities are in strong financial health. Their have good mix of assets and liabilities. United Utilities is better when it comes to sheer size of numbers. Bristol Water on the other hand is more efficient user of capital. Both companies are earning a good return on their assets and have high chances of survival in the long run. Appendix I à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Balance Sheets of Bristol Water and United Utilities Bristol Water United Utilities  £m 2004 2003 % change 2004 2003 % change Tangible Assets 193.8 184.6 5.0% 7,769.4 7,087.3 9.6% Intangible Assets 0.0 0.0 116.1 69.2 Investments 47.0 0.0 73.0 59.6 Total Fixed Assets 240.8 184.6 30.4% 7,958.5 7,216.1 10.3% Current Assets 37.7 27.1 39.1% 1,560.9 1,174.9 32.9% Total Assets 278.5 211.7 31.6% 9,519.4 8,391.0 13.4% Current Liabilities -31.2 -40.8 -23.5% -1,374.8 -1,424.1 -3.5% Net current assets/(liabilities) 6.5 -13.7 -147.4% 186.1 -249.2 -174.7% Long term liabilities -150.8 -77.7 94.1% -4,702.0 -4,070.6 15.5% Deferred Income -8.4 -8.4 0.0% 0.0 0.0 Provision for liabilities -18.7 -19.2 -2.6% -339.7 -345.0 -1.5% Total long term liabilities -177.9 -105.3 68.9% -5,041.7 -4,415.6 14.2% Total shareholders fund 69.4 65.6 5.8% 3,102.9 2,551.3 21.6% Source: Bristol Water Annual Report 2004 (www.bristolwater.co.uk) and United Utilities Annual Report 2004 (www.unitedutilities.com) Appendix II à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Profit Loss statement of Bristol Water and United Utility  £m Bristol Waters United Utilities 2004 2003 % change 2004 2003 % change Sales 70.7 70.0 1.00% 2,115.5 1,920.5 10.15% Cost of Sales 51.1 50.6 0.99% 1,489.9 1,368.8 8.85% Operating Profit 19.6 19.4 1.03% 583.7 524.9 11.20% EBIT 19.4 19.0 2.00% 585.6 558.9 4.78% EBT 13.5 14.6 -7.53% 337.5 327.5 3.05% PAT 11.1 8.5 30.59% 361.0 277.8 29.95% Source: Bristol Water Annual Report 2004 (www.bristolwater.co.uk) and United Utilities Annual Report 2004 (www.unitedutilities.com) Appendix III à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cash flow statement Bristol Water United Utilities  £m 2004 2003 % change 2004 2003 % change Net cash flow from operating activities 32.9 29.7 10.8% 923.5 851.5 8.5% Return on investment servicing of finance -7.1 -6.7 -151.8 -218.9 Capital expenditure -71.2 -16.1 342.2% -1018 -697.9 45.9% Financing 72 -3.4 922.9 613.8 50.4% (Decrease)/Increase in cash -1.6 2.4 -166.7% 9.6 10.3 -6.8% Source: Bristol Water Annual Report 2004 (www.bristolwater.co.uk) and United Utilities Annual Report 2004 (www.unitedutilities.com) Appendix IV à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Operating Margin  £m Bristol Waters United Utilities 2004 2003 % change 2004 2003 % change Sales 70.7 70.0 1.00% 2,115.5 1,920.5 10.15% Cost of Sales 51.1 50.6 0.99% 1,489.9 1,368.8 8.85% Operating Profit 19.6 19.4 1.03% 583.7 524.9 11.20% Operating Margin 27.7% 27.7% 27.6% 27.3% Appendix V à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Fixed Asset Turnover Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 2004 2003 Sales 70.7 70 2115.5 1920.5 Fixed Assets 240.8 184.6 7958.5 7216.1 Fixed Asset Turnover 0.29 0.38 0.27 0.27 Appendix VI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Return on Capital Employed and Return on Equity Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 2004 2003 Return on capital employed EBIT 19.4 19.0 585.6 558.9 Net debt 140.3 74.8 3,438.4 3,373.9 Shareholders funds 69.4 65.6 3,102.9 2,551.3 Total capital employed 209.7 140.4 6,541.3 5,925.2 Return on capital employed 9.3% 13.5% 9.0% 9.4% Return on equity Profit after tax 11.1 8.5 361.0 277.8 Preference Dividend -1.1 -1.1 0.0 0.0 Net income to ordinary shareholders 10.01 7.41 361 277.8 Total shareholders funds 69.4 65.6 3,102.9 2,551.3 Minority interest -19.6 -17.7 Preference shares -12.5 -12.5 Equity shareholders funds 56.9 53.1 3,083.3 2,533.6 Return on equity 17.6% 14.0% 11.7% 11.0% Appendix VII à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dividend Cover Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 2004 2003 Profit after tax,  £m 11.1 8.5 361.0 277.8 Dividend,  £m 7.3 16.9 315.3 264.8 Dividend cover 1.52 0.50 1.14 1.05 Appendix VIII à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Interest cover and cash flow interest cover Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 2004 2003 EBIT,  £m 19.4 19.0 585.6 558.9 Interest payable,  £m 6.3 5.2 248.1 231.4 Interest cover 3.1 3.7 2.4 2.4 Net cash inflow from op. activities,  £m 32.9 29.7 923.5 851.5 Interest payable,  £m 6.3 5.2 248.1 231.4 Cash flow interest cover 5.2 5.7 3.7 3.7 Appendix IX Net cash flow from operations to net income ratio Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 2004 2003 Net cash inflow from op. activities 32.9 29.7 923.5 851.5 Net income 11.1 8.5 361.0 277.8 Cash flow to net income ratio 2.96 3.49 2.56 3.07 Appendix X à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Trade debtor and trade creditor Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 % 2004 2003 % Sales 70.7 70.0 2,115.5 1,920.5 Trade debtors,  £m 8.6 6.7 317.4 313.6 Trade debtors days 44.4 34.9 27.09% 54.8 59.6 -8.12% Trade creditors,  £m 2.6 3.5 72.6 61.2 Trade creditors days 13.4 18.3 -26.45% 12.5 11.6 7.69% Appendix XI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Book gearing Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 2004 2003 Net debt 140.3 74.8 3,438.4 3,373.9 Shareholders funds 69.4 65.6 3,102.9 2,551.3 Total capital employed 209.7 140.4 6,541.3 5,925.2 Book gearing 66.9% 53.3% 52.6% 56.9% Appendix XII à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Current and Acid Ratios Bristol Water United Utility 2004 2003 2004 2003 Current Assets,  £m 37.7 27.1 1,560.9 1,174.9 Current Liabilities,  £m 31.2 40.8 1,374.8 1,424.1 Current Ratio 1.21 0.66 1.14 0.83 Stocks,  £m 0.7 0.6 17.1 20.6 Current Assets Stocks,  £m 37.1 26.5 1,543.8 1,154.3 Acid Ratio 1.19 0.65 1.12 0.81

The Plague Of The Bubonic Plague - 975 Words

The Bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, was a severe outbreak of disease that spread in Europe in the 14th century from 1346-1353. The disease spread faster then originally expected of killing only twenty or thirty percent but killed 60 percent of Europe s population ( Benedictow). It is believed the population of Europe was around eighty million and that would add up to be fifty million deaths. It was a horrific death for one to experience and can still be found in the world today. The Black Death was a tragic disease that spread through Europe vigorously killing fifty million people and changed European history. The Bubonic plaque was one of the most rapidly spreading diseases in European history. Starting in August it slowly began spreading throughout the South-East, however by the next spring it escladed up to the North causing people to catch the disease within a matter of days. The time it took to spread throughout Europe varied from place to place â€Å"in the co untryside it took about forty days for realization to dawn; in most towns with a few thousand inhabitants, six to seven weeks† (Benedictow).The disease spread quickly because both towns and villiages were small and cramp(Gottfried 1). As written in a BBC magazine, some believed that the disease meant the end of the world or Armageddon. Some believed that God s wrath had brought a terrible curse on the people. This either made people turn to God or turn away from God. Some would go to aShow MoreRelatedThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague896 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Death The Bubonic Plague was likely the first semi-global pandemic that rightfully merits the name which means affecting all people. The period of time in which the disease wreaked havoc was also known as the â€Å"Black Death. Alexandere Yersin was a French bacteriologist and discovered the bacteria in Hong Kong This diabolical disease is characterized by both positive and negative outcomes for the few people that managed to survive the plague. The total number of people who died subsequentlyRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1848 Words   |  8 Pages The Bubonic Plague killed over twenty-five million people during the Elizabethan Era (David Perlin, PhD and Ann Cohen). â€Å"The origins of the Black Death can be traced back to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in the 1320’s (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al).† The Bubonic Plague has picked up many nicknames. For example, it has been called â€Å"The Black Death,† and â€Å"one of the four horsemen of the apocalypseâ €  (Ed. Geoffrey J. et al). The Bubonic Plague was very prominent during its time with many people’s lives beingRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe plague was a catastrophic time in history, and happened more than once. It took millions and millions of people’s lives. It destroyed cities and countries, and many people suffered from it. What is the plague? The plague or referred to as the Black Death, according to the CDC (2015), â€Å"is a disease that affects humans and other mammals and caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handlingRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1675 Words   |  7 PagesBubonic Plague Ellery Perez Health Science Technology  Made of a canvas outer garment coated in wax, as well as waxed leather pants, gloves, boots and hat. A dark leather hood and mask with a very grotesque curved beak (Jackie Rosenhek, 2011). A serial killer, Halloween costume perhaps or a cosplay outfit for a horror movie? No, a doctor actually is what this outfit was meant for. Doctors wore this attire in the medieval times in order to protect themselves from the bubonic plague. We ve all heardRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1562 Words   |  7 Pagesquote by Matteo Villani, â€Å"It was a plague that touched people of every condition, age and sex. They began to spit blood and then they died—some immediately, some in two or three days, and some in a longer time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Crash Course World History, Min 6 Sec 43). The plague is known today as: the Bubonic Plague. When the plague eventually found its way into Europe in 1348, an estimated one to two thirds of the whole population was eradicated. But how did th e plague get there in the first place? It mostRead MoreBubonic Plague1154 Words   |  5 PagesBubonic plague is believed to have brought the Byzantine empire to its knees in the 6th century. This is the first ever documented record of bubonic plague in human history. But the fact that bubonic plague continues to afflict human population even today is a matter of concern. Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is typically differentiated from other infections becauseRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1714 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics. The diffusion, history, and cure are just a couple universal aspects that contribute to the well known, yet unforgiving disease known as the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague diffused to many people during its time of dominance. To start, the Bubonic Plague is transmitted to other living organisms in a distinct way. The plague bacteria circulates among different populations of certain rodents without causing an excessive amount of rodent die-off (â€Å"Centers for Disease Control andRead MoreBubonic Plague2091 Words   |  9 Pageshttp://ponderosa-pine.uoregon.edu/students/Janis/menu.html Abstract Bubonic plague has had a major impact on the history of the world. Caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis, and transmitted by fleas often found on rats, bubonic plague has killed over 50 million people over the centuries. Burrowing rodent populations across the world keep the disease present in the world today. Outbreaks, though often small, still occur in many places. The use of antibiotics and increased scientific knowledgeRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague825 Words   |  4 PagesThe Plague Discussion Questions The Black Death was an epizootic bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium of rodents known as Yersinia pestis. The bubonic plague overwhelming effects of European history. The Black Death was considered one of the most â€Å"devastating pandemics† in human history. Whom Did the Black Death Affect The Black death affected mostly Europe. â€Å"The disastrous mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe in the years 1346-53.† (Paragraph 1) â€Å"By the endRead MoreThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague1386 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bubonic plague has been said to be a part of history since the biblical eras and has had an undeniable effect on the development of contemporary civilization Gowen, B.S. (1907). The cause of the plague is not known. However, there is religious reference of God punishing sinners causing death and destruction using this deadly disease. Throughout the years, there has been a question to be answered by historians and medical professionals. This question is: if the destructive attributes of the

Nursing Cardiac Arrhythmia

Questions: 1 Discuss the holistic care of the patient provided by the registered nurse. Critical thinking must be evident throughout the paper and discussion should cover the criteria/identification of arrhythmia, causative factors, presentation and relevant treatment modalities or options.2.The use of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and thrombolytic has been shown to have benefits for patients being treated for ST Elevated Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Discuss the nursing care associated with thrombolytic drug therapy and PCI including rationale and evidence based practice.3. Select a cardiac medication category (i.e. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, etc.) and critically discuss the relevant nursing management of patients being treated with these medications. Discussion should involve medication action, adverse effects and relevant nursing care to ensure patient safety and effective treatment (desired effects).4. Cardiac Rehabilitation has been shown to improve patient outcomes post cardiac event. Critically review and discuss the literature to support or refute this statement. Answers: 1. Arrhythmia can be defined as the disorder, which is characterized by the alteration of the normal sequence of electrical impulse that flows through the heart. Under normal condition this electrical impulse order to pump blood effectively to every organ of the body so that each works in a rhythm. When the impulses happen too fast or too slow or in abnormal motion, the heart also pumps fast or slow or also in abnormal manner ultimately affecting the blood flow to lungs, brain and different organs, resulting in complete shutdown of the organs or may lead to the damage (Daniels, 2014). Cardiac arrhythmia can be classified in different domains; atrial fibrillation is the condition that is characterized through rapid and irregular beating. Often this condition shows no or mild symptoms, making it difficult to be diagnosed. As the diagnosis of this condition is difficult, proper monitoring and assessment is very important for identifying atrial fibrillation by a nurse to prevent any sort of organ damage and similar hazardous effects. A person having heart diseases need to be regularly monitored by healthcare nurse to determine the condition of the patients heart but those who do not have heart diseases should immediately report if they have symptoms like heart palpitations, fainting, breathing shortness, chest pain or lightheadness. There are many types of congenital disorders during births that can make one patient prone to arrhythmia or atrial fibrillation in his life. This can be explained by examples like there are many instances where babies are born with incompletely developed cardiac conduction systems, which may result in heart blocks or bradycardia. It is also seen that those people who are born with extra conduction pathways remains prone to a number of disorders where reentrant supraventricul ar tachycardia can be noted as the primary one. Other factors that may also lead to the occurrence of arrhythmia include different chemical agents that may result in high blood pressure. Moreover, tissue concentrations of a large number of minerals like calcium, magnesium and potassium can result in occurrence of the disorders. Often other substances of addiction like cigarettes and recreational drugs as well as alcohols can instigate the chance of occurrence of the arrhythmias or specifically atrial fibrillation (Vacca et al., 2014). Mutation of lamin AC gene is associated with the fibrosis of atria, thereby leading to atrial fibrillation. It leads to loss of atrial muscle mass as a result of RAAS activation, atrial remodeling and fibrosis. However, it is not limited to atrial muscle loss; rather it occurs in SA and AV node, correlating with sick sinus syndrome. Once the registered nurse identifies the type of arrhythmia has been developed by the patient, i.e. atrial fibrillation, the nurse should assess the risks associated with the intensity of the disorder in that particular patient. She should try to restore the normal heart rhythm of the patient if possible by treating the actual area of the abnormal impulse generation. The nurse should try to prevent the advanced stage of the disorder and prognosis with any blood clots to reduce stroke risks. Controlling the heart rate to normal is the primary intervention followed by the treatment of the disease that is leading to arrhythmic conditions. Associated risk factors for stroke and other heart diseases should be prevented and proper monitoring of the patients vital signs and medications would be suggested to the patient (Nayak et al., 2016). Atrial fibrillation is the most common health condition that causes serious heart rhythm. Causes may be genetics or due to environmental risk factors. I nherited arrhythmic syndromes, familial and non-familial AF is associated with other genetic cardiac disorder like congenital long QT syndrome. The Nurse should closely monitor the symptoms of the patient to make a correct diagnosis. She can confirm the diagnosis by conducting electrocardiogram known as ECGS that help to identify the electrical impulse of the heart (Daniels, 2014). In addition, transthoracic echocardiogram, complete blood count and serum thyroid stimulating hormone level test can be used for specific diagnosis of AF. The nurse can identify different forms of Arrhythmia and it would be only possible for her if she has a good knowledge, a keen eye and good theoretical knowledge (Liu, Cheng Lin, 2013). AF shows narrowed QRS complex in ECG, which in turn help the nurses to identify which part of the heart is facing an issue due to abnormal impulse generation. This helps the nurse to take necessary steps accordingly. Echocardiography, chest X-ray, exercise stress testing are also significant diagnostic tests. 2. Formation of thrombi is important for major as well as minor injuries in the vascular system and usually remains confined to those particular injured areas. Under normal condition it does not obstruct any blood flow and does not interfere with the circulation of blood to different important tissues and organs. However, thrombolysis process works in a better way in thrombi that are formed recently but fail to act on the older thrombi because they have extensive polymerization of the fibrin. As a result, they get resistant to thrombolysis and hence need the requirement of thrombolytic drug therapy. This condition results in the formation of artherosclerotic plaque which when rupture causes blood clot formation in the artery that may ultimately result in partial or complete occlusion of the arteries. This gives rise to a situation when heart attack or myocardial infarction takes place. These problems are assessed from the ST segment of the ECG and hence the name. Thrombolytic agents in the thrombolytic drug therapy mainly include the serine prtoteases that mainly work by conversion of the plasminogen into the naturally occurring fibrinolytic agent plasmin. This compound is essential for lysing the clots. This mainly helps in restarting the blood flow to the heart and thereby prevents further damage to the heart muscles. In this way thrombolytic agents may help in the stoppage of the heart attack, which may otherwise could have lead to the death of a particular patient. The blood flow that has been restarted may not be completely out of danger. Therefore, further therapies like cardiac catheterization with angioplasty and stenting needs to be followed after thrombolytic drug therapy. They can be both Fibrin-specific agents and Nonfibrin-specific agents. The former containsalteplase(tPA),reteplase(recombinant plasminogen activator [r-PA]), andtenecteplase that helps in limited production of the plasminogen conversion in the absence of fibrin an d the latter contains streptokinase that helps in catalyzing systemic fibrinolysis (Nonnenmacher et al., 2016). However, this therapy should be conducted within the first 30 minutes after the arrival of the patient at hospital. In nursing interventions, at first the nurse should evaluate the contraindications like whether the patient had a recent surgery or trauma, cerebral vascular accident and many others. This may be because it can result in precipitation intracranial, internal, or peripheral bleeding. Proper discussion should be made with the patient or with his family members about the purpose of the therapy. It should be also instructed that the patient should completely maintain his position during and after the infusion. Vital signs should be continuously monitored during the infusion with gradual increase in time duration of the interval of checks until intravenous catheter is moved. Cardiac monitoring should be continued and emergency preparations for prevention of Ventricular dyrhythmias should be ready (Nonnenmacher et al., 2016). After post infusion, proper assessment of the vital signs, distal pulses and infusion site should be conducted as the client remains at a risk of bleeding after the th erapy. Proper evaluation of the responses should be made like ST segment, relief of chest pain, reperfusion dysrhythmias, early peaking of the CK and CK-MB band and similar other things. Position of the patient should be maintained with head kept below 15 Degree. Peripheral bleeding may occur at puncture sites and hence proper dressing is to be made. Body fluids should also be checked regularly along with proper administration of the platelet modifying drugs (Meyer et al., 2016). In Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), a catheter is inserted and threaded through blood vessels at the site of narrowed blood vessels where a stent with a balloon tip cover is inflated which helps in the compression of the plaque. Once accomplished, the stent stays in artery holding it open allowing proper blood flow. Nurses should be aware of the various risks associated with during or after this treatment. The antithrombotic agents used before the therapy increases the risk of vascular access complications that may include hematoma arterial occlusion, arteriovenous fistula that may harm the patient leading to morbidity and mortality. Therefore, nurses need to be knowledgeable about the complications that may arise from this situation and handle them efficiently (Middleton, Gromley Alexandrov, 2015). Therefore after receiving the patient from the cath lab after the treatment, nurses should have a comprehensive monitoring of the medication administration during the process, correct location placement of the stents, different types of vital signs should be assessed and assessment of the pedal pulses are to be made. The registered nurse should be properly experienced with the sheath pulling activity, as it requires extensive training (Bates et al., 2015). 3. Epinephrine and nor epinephrine are the neurotransmitters which usually bind with the the betareceptors 1 of the heart, eye and kidneys and with the Beta 2 receptors of the lungs, liver and others. Beta blockers are those drugs which when bond with the beta-receptors inhibits the binding of the neurotransmitters with that of the beta receptors and as a result they help in reduction of heart rate and reduce the blood pressure. These are mainly done by diluting the blood vessels (Flather Gollop, 2016). Therefore, in a way it can be said that the flight and fight activities conducted by the activity of the neurotransmitters are prevented. They reduce the workload of the heart and are useful in treatment of angina pectoris or chest pain (Reinstra et al., 2013). Beta cell blockers result in fatigued condition of the body along with drowsiness, dizziness and even weakness. Patients also experience dry mouth, dry skin, dry eyes nausea and even vomiting. Nurses also notice a feeling of coldness in hands and feet in patients. Shortness of breath, sleep disturbances and reduced sex drive are also been reported. Therefore, they are not provided to asthma patients. By blocking the effects of the nor-epinephrine and nor epinephrine, they may constrict the air passage. This is mainly due to the contraction of the muscles surrounding the air passage and thereby causes difficulty in breathing. Other side effects include toxic epidermal necrolysis, raynaud's phenomenon, Lupus erythematosus and Bronchospasm. Serious allergic reactions, Erythema multiform, Steven Johnson Syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis also take place. (Morales et al., 2014). Before administering the beta-blockers the nurse should check whether the patient is suffering from allergies. It should be also known what kind of drugs the patient uses including the herbs if taken to ensure that any other medicines of similar effect are taken or not. The nurse should also check the current BP and the apical pulse rate before the administration. After administration of the drug the nurse should observe the intended effect of the dose. The side effects should be monitored especially like orthostatic hypotension. Older patients should be checked for mental confusion and changes in LOC. Diabetic patients should be handled carefully because there is a chance of hypoglycemic condition that may arise from such disorders and therefore they should be monitored regularly. COPD patient should be handled carefully especially asthma patients for respiratory issues like wheezing and difficulty in breathing (Bolton et al., 2016). Proper information to be also given to the patien ts about the side effects so it would help them to be aware of their physical health 4. Cardiac rehabilitation in a post cardiac event in case of patients have been highly supported by different researchers where they have specifically mentioned cardiac exercise to be a major factor that had decreased the number of morbidity and also mortality in various hospitals and centers. Rise in heart rate during exercise due to parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic activation and subsequent fall in heart rate due to parasympathetic activation takes place in individuals who undergo exercise treatments in rehabilitations. Researchers have identified that failure in the decrease of the heart rate rapidly during exercise is linked with all cause mortality. Exercise training in the rehabilitations improves heart rate variability in the patients along with baroflex sensitivity for patients who suffered coronary artery diseases (Anderson et al., 2016). Altogether, it showed positive impacts on the heart rate recovery improvement of the patients who faced cardiac events (Rutledge et al., 2013). Researchers have shown that cardiopulmonary rehabilitation has not only helped patients to obtain excellent treatment after vascularisation but has also taught patients with benefits of proper secondary prevention (Griffo et al., 2013). When patients underwent good lifestyle and medical adherence taught in the rehabilitations, risks of further harm from cardiac events were found to decrease along with decreased mortality. In case of artial fibrillation, exercise for muscle strengthening, endurance and a range of motions can be helpful. In rehabilitation centre, walking is being focused as an aerobic and safe exercise. In the later phase, jogging is recommended for increasing HDL or good cholesterol. Cycling can be helpful to AF patients for managing stress of blood pumping by heart. In addition, swimming, yoga and strength based training can be helpful with a alternative day schedule, as these can help to prevent the risk of blood clot and stroke rate (Dunlay et al., 2014). References: Anderson, L., Oldridge, N., Thompson, D. R., Zwisler, A. D., Rees, K., Martin, N., Taylor, R. S. (2016). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,67(1), 1-12. Bates, E. R., Blankenship, J. C., Ellis, S. G., Moussa, I. D., Guyton, R. A., Mukherjee, D., Kushner, F. G. (2015). 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI Focused Update on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Bolton, N. (2016). Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity.Journal of perioperative practice,26(3), 30-31. Daniels, D. (2014). Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Multidisciplinary Care Planning for an Obstetric Patient with Cardiac Arrhythmia.Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing,43(S1), S93-S93. Dunlay, S. M., Pack, Q. R., Thomas, R. J., Killian, J. M., Roger, V. L. (2014). Participation in cardiac rehabilitation, readmissions, and death after acute myocardial infarction.The American journal of medicine,127(6), 538-546. Flather, M. D., Gollop, N. D. (2016). Understanding Mechanisms of Action of Beta-Blockers in Heart Failure With Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction.JACC: Heart Failure,4(2), 150-151. Griffo, R., Ambrosetti, M., Tramarin, R., Fattirolli, F., Temporelli, P. L., Vestri, A. R., ... Tavazzi, L. (2013). Effective secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation after coronary revascularization and predictors of poor adherence to lifestyle modification and medication. Results of the ICAROS Survey.International journal of cardiology,167(4), 1390-1395. Liu, S. H., Cheng, D. C., Lin, C. M. (2013). Arrhythmia identification with two-lead electrocardiograms using artificial neural networks and support vector machines for a portable ECG monitor system.Sensors,13(1), 813-828. Meyer, G., Vicaut, E., Danays, T., Agnelli, G., Becattini, C., Beyer-Westendorf, J., ... Dellas, C. (2014). Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism.New England Journal of Medicine,370(15), 1402-1411. Middleton, S., Grimley, R., Alexandrov, A. W. (2015). Triage, Treatment, and Transfer Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Recommendations and Models of Nursing Care for the First 72 Hours of Admission to Hospital for Acute Stroke.Stroke,46(2), e18-e25. Morales, D. R., Jackson, C., Lipworth, B. J., Donnan, P. T., Guthrie, B. (2014). Adverse respiratory effect of acute -blocker exposure in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.CHEST Journal,145(4), 779-786. NAYAK, C. G., Seshikala, G., Desai, U., Nayak, S. G. (2016). Identification of Arrhythmia Classes Using Machine-Learning Techniques.International Journal of Biology and Biomedicine,1, 48-53. Nonnenmacher, C. L., vila, C. W., Mantovani, V. M., Vargas, M. A., Echer, I. C., Lucena, A. (2016). Cross Mapping Between the Priority Nursing Care for Stroke Patients Treated With Thrombolytic Therapy and the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC).International Journal of Nursing Knowledge. Rienstra, M., Damman, K., Mulder, B. A., Van Gelder, I. C., McMurray, J. J., Van Veldhuisen, D. J. (2013). Beta-blockers and outcome in heart failure and atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis.JACC: Heart Failure,1(1), 21-28. Rutledge, T., Redwine, L. S., Linke, S. E., Mills, P. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of mental health treatments and cardiac rehabilitation for improving clinical outcomes and depression among patients with coronary heart disease.Psychosomatic medicine,75(4), 335-349. Vacca, A., Meune, C., Gordon, J., Chung, L., Proudman, S., Assassi, S., ... Matucci-Cerinic, M. (2014). Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction defects in systemic sclerosis.Rheumatology,53(7), 1172-1177.

Implementation of CAGE Framework in an Organization-Free-Sample

Question: Discuss about the Importance of strategies, business model innovation and implementation of CAGE Framework in an Organization. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview about the three video clips which tells about the importance of strategies, business model innovation and implementation of CAGE Framework in an organization. Further in context to the higher education industry these approaches are applied so as to provide better outcome on their working. The industry not only includes universities and institutes but it also includes regulatory and governmental bodies as well. TEQSA, MIT and Australian government department of education and training are the three bodies which explain the approaches and models mentioned above. Further the report successfully justifies all the requirement of the task and more details about the report are discussed below: Strategies implemented in Organization Strategy is an aspect which helps an organization to aim and achieve their targeted goals present in the market. So, it shall be noted that an organization in the external environment can only achieve competence if the strategies defined by the mangers are good and efficient enough which can help them to ace the target market. Furthermore there are some questions which frequently asked the strategy video which are where do we compete, how do we compete, Unique selling proposition of the company and how the company maintains the sustainability of unique value provided. The Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) is an agency which regulates and controls the quality standards of the higher education in the competitive world. Education sector is the sector which shall not work with a purpose to earn income but it shall run to provide quality knowledge and information to the students coming to them. Resulting to which, this body was made to regulate the higher education s ector of Australia (Ho, Wu, and Wu 2014). Although the organization do not need to face any competition in the market but in order to maintain flow of education, the organization needs to implement strategies and answer above mentioned four questions to examine the authenticity of their strategy. Talking about competition, it shall be noted that the organization has no competition but it run in higher education and governs the institutes etc. further the USP of the organization is provide quality assurance of education provided to students in the Australians institution of higher education (Cndido, and Santos 2015). The resources and capabilities available to the company are its rules and code of conduct through which the organization gets the opportunity to regulate other bodies present in the industry. Lastly, sustainability is practiced by the organization through regular flow of work and legislation in industry. The organization properly makes use of resources available to them in order to create differentiation and sustainability as well. Thus, in this way if the TEQSA will maintain and work on their strategy then the organization will not face any problem (Speculand 2014). Business Model innovation Need of model and an innovative tool in the working of a university or institute seems unimportant. But just like other industries, there is need of business model innovation in higher education sector as well. With growing competition an organization only remain in competence if they attain a good and efficient business model. Sustainability in the growth of the university or the organization only achieved if there is effective and efficient model used in the organization (Massa, and Tucci 2013). This model helps the organization to realize the areas where the company is losing and other competitor is gaining and they analyze it and correct it with innovation so that they can gain the target market and earn profit. The innovation tool shall be used in the organization in such a way that it differentiates the company with its competitor present in the market. Thus thee business model lay stress on the factor present in the external which can be innovatively used by the organization s o as to create identification in the target market (Bocken, et. al., 2014). The context to the institutes present in the higher education industry, it shall be noted that the organization, universities and institutes present in this sector need to be regularly updated and innovative in their way of working to attract more student. Furthermore talking about the University of Sydney, the university is a well renowned and famous educational institute of Australia which was originated in the year 1850. The university is Australias first university and also one of the most leading universities worldwide. Having such huge organizational structure the institutes needs to be innovative in its working and initiate authoritative business model otherwise the reputed name earned by the company would not work. So, the company uses this model in such a way that they initially keep check on the business model and compare it with external environment and then implement changes in them according to the requirements (Martins, Rindova, and Greenbaum 2015). CAGE Framework It is a framework which tells about different dimensions present in the external environment of the organization. Cultural, administrative, geographic and economic difference are the differences which happen in between countries and the organization shall initiate actions accordingly by looking at them so that efficiency is initiated. This framework is used by organization to expand their business in the overseas market. The cultural aspect tells about the culture of the company with which they are contracting, administrative tells the ways in which companies of other countries administer (Herrera 2017). Geographic dimension tells about the specifications of that area and lastly economic tells about the economies of people on the basis of which he companies shall initiate their actions. Relating it to the Australian government department of education and training is an organization which motivates more and more students to student with Australian universities. The organization identi fies the cultural differences and analyzes them and then encourages international students to gain education from them. This department helps the students to feel secure as it eliminates the differences and takes care that education is received to them properly. Further the online portal helps many international students to study in Australia. Thus, with the help of this department the bright students get a chance to learn education and the cage framework helps the department to erase the difference in higher education sector and help students to become effective and efficient (Ghemawat 2015). Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events the facts that shall be noted that the above mentioned report tells about the different frameworks and models which are used in higher education industry so as to help them to gain competence in the target market. The higher education industry is not just here to make profits but it shall also contribute to the overall economic growth of the country. So, it is important for such organizations to work with full capability and use all their resources effectively in order to make a change. Moreover the models help the organizations to identify their issues in the organizational structure and implement changes accordingly. Thus, with the help of such approaches the activities of the institutes become competent for the commoner and international students. References Bocken, N.M.P., Short, S.W., Rana, P. and Evans, S., 2014. A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, pp.42-56. Cndido, C.J. and Santos, S.P., 2015. Strategy implementation: What is the failure rate?.Journal of Management Organization,21(2), pp.237-262. Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 5-28). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Herrera, M.E.F., 2017. Contrasting the strategic role of firms in the economic development of Ecuador with that of South Korea using Ghemawat CAGE distance framework. Ho, J.L., Wu, A. and Wu, S.Y., 2014. Performance measures, consensus on strategy implementation, and performance: Evidence from the operational-level of organizations.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(1), pp.38-58. Martins, L.L., Rindova, V.P. and Greenbaum, B.E., 2015. Unlocking the hidden value of concepts: a cognitive approach to business model innovation.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), pp.99-117. Massa, L. and Tucci, C.L., 2013. Business model innovation.The Oxford handbook of innovation management,20, p.18. Speculand, R., 2014. Bridging the strategy implementation skills gap.Strategic direction,30(1), pp.29-30.